Distribution horizontale et verticale d'une buse à cône creux : une étude préliminaire pour étudier la réduction de dérive en vergers

International audienceHollow cone nozzles are still widely used in orchard spray applications because of their small droplet sizes, visible sound coverage without air assistance on early vegetation stages. However, drift mitigation issues along water courses, sensitive crops and public areas generally imply the use of larger droplets generated by air injection hollow cone nozzles [Polveche et al., 2011]. This preliminary study aims at better defining the correlation between spray distribution patterns [Tamagnone et al, 2011] and drift curves both measured in IRSTEA wind tunnel equipped with a 9 m long distribution test bench. Vertical and horizontal spray orientations were compared with wind velocities of 0-2-4 and 5 m.s-1

How spray characteristics and orientation may influence spray drift in a wind tunnel

International audienceCrop protection product application may be subjected to drift. This paper aims at studying the effect of wind direction on drift and nozzle classification accordingly to [ISO 22369-1]. Experiments were realized in Irstea wind tunnel with wind speeds varying from 2 to 7.5 m.s-1 oriented in frontal or lateral position to a narrow spray boom including from 1 to 4 nozzles. A first set of experiments were conducted with the reference nozzle in frontal or lateral position and with 1 to 4 nozzles. A second set of experiments were conducted with a wide range of low drift nozzles (19 Flat Fan Air injection and 8 Twin jets Flat Fan Air Injection) with four nozzles at 7.5 m.s-1 wind speed. The results showed that DRF and DRL classification was significantly different depending on the nozzle type and working conditions. A global discussion is proposed for methodological aspects and practical conclusions for nozzle classification

Effet de l'orientation des buses sur la taille et la vitesse des gouttes de sprays utilisés en viticulture

International audienceSpray drift has become an important issue in pesticide application. Vineyard spraying is particularly interesting to consider, as pesticide droplets are not directed towards the ground but rather towards the targeted crop. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nozzle orientation on droplet size and droplet velocity using three different nozzles (IDK, TVI, and TXA) used in vineyards. Two series of measurement were performed in order to assess the effect of the gravity on sprays. Droplet size and one-dimensional droplet velocity characteristics were measured using a phase Doppler particle analyser (PDPA). Two planes, i.e., one horizontal and one vertical, were considered. Results suggest that the nozzle orientation slightly affects the size distribution, which is shifted towards larger droplets when nozzles spray horizontally compared to vertically spray. However, droplet axial velocity distribution is shifted towards lower values. Supposing that the only droplets which can reach the crop are those with an axial velocity greater than 1 m/s and a diameter larger than 100 μm, results showed significant differences according to the nozzle and orientation. More than 98.6% of the spray volume would reach the target whatever the orientation of the IDK nozzle, 78.8% of the spray volume would reach the crop when the TVI nozzle sprays horizontally, while only 16.0% of the spray volume would reach the crop when TXA nozzle sprays horizontally. This paper offers new perspectives in the comprehension and the optimization of the deposition process into the vegetation based from droplet size and velocity profiles from horizontally oriented sprays from flat fan or hollow cone nozzles

Mesure de la dérive lors d’application phytosanitaire par avion sur bananeraies. Essais à l’eau complémentaires des essais de mai 2009

The struggle in Guadeloupe and Martinique against yellow Sigatoka of banana is amandatory fight is essentially carried out by application of treatment product by air. In order to comply with an EU directive establishing a ban on aerial spraying except in special cases qualifying for exemption, the EB requested by the professional bodyof Union Group of banana producers told the Cemagref OPTIBAN the project. This project includes the completion of investigation to propose technical solutions from areliable aerial application and also to provide alternative land when the waiver can not be implemented. This report presents additional results gained in terms of driftand deposition on vegetation in aerial spray of an aqueous mixture on a banana plantation. Different configurations were tested for the type of nozzle, the use of baffles. The results indicate that improvements are possible with the use of baffles.La lutte en Guadeloupe et en Martinique contre la Cercosporiose jaune du bananier est une lutte rendue obligatoire qui est essentiellement menée par application de produit de traitement par voie aérienne. Afin de pouvoir respecter une directive européenne instituant l'interdiction de l'épandage aérien sauf cas particulier ouvrant droit à dérogation, la DGAL sollicitée par l'organisme professionnel Union des Groupement de Producteurs de BANanes a confié au Cemagref le projet OPTIBAN. Ce projet comprend la réalisation d’investigation pour proposer des solutions techniques permettant d'une part de fiabiliser le traitement aérien et d'autre part d’apporter une solution de remplacement terrestre lorsque la dérogation ne peut être mise en oeuvre. Ce rapport présente les résultats complémentaires acquis en termes de dérive et de dépôt sur la végétation lors de pulvérisation par avion d’une bouillie aqueuse sur une bananeraie. Différentes configurations ont été testées concernant le type de buse, le recours à des déflecteurs. Les résultats indiquent que des améliorations sont possibles avec l’utilisation des déflecteurs

Comparison of vertical and horizontal collecting methods for spray deposits in crop canopy and airborn spray drift assessment

International audienceLa performance de collecteurs horizontaux (Boites de Pétri, bandes PVC) ou verticaux (fils PVC) est comparée sur la base d'essais en intérieur. Ces différents dispositifs sont employés ensuite sur le terrain lors des essais d'une machine de traitement

Protocol to evaluate phyto-pharmaceutics products (PPP) deposition on banana crop from different types of ground based sprayers

International audienceBanana crop is dramatically exposed to Sigatoga disease. Until now, the control was operated thru aerial application but national and European legislations banned aerial spraying on crops (Directive 2009/128/CE), arguing of human health and environment safety (PAN, 2004). The Optiban project was launched in 2008 to meet the requirement of the Food and Agriculture Ministry and the Groups of banana growers of Guadeloupe and Martinique (UGPBAN). It aims at improving a ground based system to replace aerial application (Rombaut, 2011) ; agronomic goal is to treat principally the upper leaves. For this purpose an original mistblower named Optiban was specifically designed. In parallel, other systems have been developed or adapted to spray from under the canopy (Knapsack sprayer mounted on ATV, low volume pneumatic sprayer). Up to now, there is no experience about the efficacy of these different systems for banana crop and a fast method to evaluate distribution of the product in the canopy appears to be an imperative requirement. This paper introduces protocols specifically designed for the evaluation of deposition on banana as well as results for different types of sprayers

Simulating CoV from nozzles spray distribution: a necessity to investigate spray distribution quality with drift reducing surfactants.

International audienceThis paper aims at showing possibilities of spraying quality control through nozzle flow distribution (CoV), especially when a drift reducing surfactant is used. The effect of nozzle height combined with hydraulic pressure was achieved considering a homothetic translation of flow rate. In all cases of FF 110 02 (standard or air injection), the evolution of CoV with nozzle height shows periodic pattern where the effect of surfactant concentration revealed critical CoV variations. As a result, the use of such surfactant shall necessarily be preceded by flow distribution evaluation in order to adjust the boom height adequately. The use of a nozzle simulator may greatly help to develop boom adjustment guidelines

Approche méthodologique pour évaluer la dérive au sol et dans l'air lors du traitement des bananiers par voie terrestre

National audienceLa dérive des brouillards de pesticides (sprays) en dehors de parcelle traitées, qui se produisent lors des épandages des produits de protection des cultures peut être estimée à l'aide de la norme [ISO 22866]. Cette norme propose un protocole expérimental et des conditions de mise en ½uvre. Deux aspects sont abordés : la perte dans l’air en bordure de parcelle (terme source de la dérive) et les dépôts au sol sur une cinquantaine de mètre à l’extérieur de la parcelle (par sédimentation des sprays). Pour une culture haute telle que les bananeraies, plusieurs phénomènes se combinent et viennent perturber les mesures: l’effet de dispersion du vent, le procédé de pulvérisation, les mouvements et la vitesse d’avancement du pulvérisateur, les effets de masquage et de rétention de la végétation, la topologie du site expérimental. Ces phénomènes génèrent des dérives latérales et arrières – cycliques et fortement corrélés – qui introduisent une importante dispersion des mesures. A cela se rajoute la dispersion intrinsèque du dispositif d’échantillonnage (boites de Pétri ou fils). En tant que laboratoire de référence, la plateforme technologique ReducPol d’Irstea Montpellier réalise des essais de dérive depuis de nombreuses années. Des campagnes de mesure en laboratoire ont permis d’appréhender la variabilité des mesures et des techniques d’échantillonnage des dépôts au sol. Ces expérimentations ont permis de valider le protocole d’échantillonnage et de mesure des essais de terrain. La compilation d’un ensemble de mesures de dérive (Douzals 2012 a et b) a aussi montré qu’il est possible de modéliser les profils de répartition. L’article présente les outils et les méthodes qui ont été menées dans le cadre du projet FEADER « Optiban, des solutions innovantes pour le traitement des bananiers » mené en Martinique et Guadeloupe. Les expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrains y sont décrites

Mass balance from aerial spray applications: a global approach on banana crop

International audienceSpray application from helicopter and aircraft assessment are compared for oil and water considering referece spraying settings (D6 or ATR nozzles) vs (AVI or CVI nozzles). The quantification for canopy deposition is compared with drift values and uncollected fraction is revealed

Bilan massique de pesticide en culture de banane : comment les protocoles de mesure peuvent influer sur l'impact environnemental

International audienceAerial applications of pesticides are promised to a mid-term ban according to the EC Directive sustainable use of pesticide. A 3 years R&D program "Optiban" lead to the definition of a ground-based application technique to be compared with traditional terrestrial equipment as used in orchard spraying. Due to the peculiar structure of the banana crop canopy (5 m height, tractor tracks every 12 m, slopes), existing standards used for crop deposit as well as drift measurements are to be adapted. Environmental impacts of banana crop spraying was evaluated through the quantity of mixture deposits including a dye tracer analyzed by spectrofluorometric method, qualitative results were given with oil sensitive papers. Drift was measured at 5 up to 90 m downwind from the field hedge. Three terrestrial spraying equipments were compared while taking into account crop deposits and drift values. As spraying protocols were different between those two equipments, raw values calculation issued from the field dose appeared relatively inappropriate to assess the spraying efficiency as well as global environmental impact. As shown in Table 1 - grey column, drift values issued from theoretical field dose applied are quite similar. A mass balance of pesticide distribution (crop deposit - drift - air) was then estimated on the same set of parameters for the 2 equipments. Table 1: Mass balance of 3 spraying equipments on banana crops Theoretical Field dose basisFlow Rate basis Equipment% on Drift Area% on Drift Area% on Target Crop% Losses Hardi (5 rep.)5.48 % (4.2 - 6.8)14 % (11 - 18 %)2 %* 84 % (80 - 87 %) Optiban 1 (10 rep.)6.93 % (3.8 - 9.8)18 % (14 - 20 %) 41 % (32 - 59 %)41 % (21 - 53 %) Optiban 2 (3 rep.)5.42 % (0.8 - 12.2)9% (1 - 20 %) 26 % (9 - 67 %)65 % (23 - 88 %) * due to weather conditions, 5 rep. were cumulated on the same collectors. As shown in Table 1, values are subjected to a high variability due to random wind and local topographic conditions. As a result, it was possible to compare and rank three different application systems with the same calculation methodology. Drift is appears to be only a minor part of pesticide losses, aerial dispersion might be favored when considering Mineral Oil (Banole®). Environmental evaluation of spraying equipments is based on the statistical distribution of the pesticide mixture upon several areas (crop target, drift area, others) and then to soil, water and the air compartments. This paper shows the limit of traditional protocols based on standards mainly used for field (low) crops and the necessity to adapt experimental settings as well as data post processing