Airway Remodelling in Asthma and COPD: Findings, Similarities, and Differences Using Quantitative CT

Airway remodelling is a well-established feature in asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), secondary to chronic airway inflammation. The structural changes found on pathological examination of remodelled airway wall have been shown to display similarities but also differences. Computed tomography (CT) is today a remarkable tool to assess airway wall morphology in vivo since submillimetric acquisitions over the whole lung volume could be obtained allowing 3D evaluation. Recently, CT-derived indices extracted from CT images have been described and are thought to assess airway remodelling. This may help understand the complex mechanism underlying the remodelling process, which is still not fully understood. This paper summarizes the various methods described to quantify airway remodelling in asthma and COPD using CT, and similarities and differences between both diseases will be emphasized

In Vivo Computed Tomography as a Research Tool to Investigate Asthma and COPD: Where Do We Stand?

Computed tomography (CT) is a clinical tool widely used to assess and followup asthma and chonic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in humans. Strong efforts have been made the last decade to improve this technique as a quantitative research tool. Using semiautomatic softwares, quantification of airway wall thickness, lumen area, and bronchial wall density are available from large to intermediate conductive airways. Skeletonization of the bronchial tree can be built to assess its three-dimensional geometry. Lung parenchyma density can be analysed as a surrogate of small airway disease and emphysema. Since resident cells involve airway wall and lung parenchyma abnormalities, CT provides an accurate and reliable research tool to assess their role in vivo. This litterature review highlights the most recent advances made to assess asthma and COPD with CT, and also their drawbacks and the place of CT in clarifying the complex physiopathology of both diseases

Novel approach using non invasive quantitative imaging for the assessment of broncho-pulmonary obstructive diseases

Le remodelage des voies aériennes est un phénomène mal connu, dont le rôle est central dans la sévérité des maladies broncho-pulmonaires obstructives chroniques telles que l’asthme et la broncho-pneumopathie obstructive chronique (BPCO). La recherche est nécessaire pour comprendre les mécanismes et les conséquences fonctionnelles, qui diffèrent dans ces deux maladies. L’imagerie a le potentiel de pouvoir évaluer de façon non-invasive, in vivo, les mécanismes mis en oeuvre dans ces maladies tandis que la recherche de marqueurs pertinents est une nécessité. Dans l’asthme, chez l’animal, nous avons évalué la densité péribronchique dans des modèles murins de sensibilisation allergique. Ce marqueur a été démontré comme étant un reflet du remodelage des voies aériennes et pourrait être utilisé dans des études précliniques. Chez l’homme, nous avons d’abord optimisé les performances d’un logiciel de segmentation 3D des volumes bronchiques, en termes d’automatisation, détection de bronches distales et squelettisation. Ce logiciel a été appliqué lors d’une étude thérapeutique en double aveugle versus placebo pour évaluer l’effet du gallopamil dans l’asthme sévère. Nos résultats montrent que le remodelage musculaire lisse est une composante clé du remodelage dans l’asthme, et que le TDM quantitatif permet d’évaluer les effets de molécules lors d’essais cliniques. Dans la BPCO, nous avons mis en évidence à l’aide de la TDM quantitative que le remodelage bronchique est impliqué dans une complication particulière qui n’est pas mise en oeuvre dans l’asthme, à savoir le développement d’une hypertension artérielle pulmonaire. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la mesure automatique des petits vaisseaux permet une analyse complémentaire et supporte l’hypothèse d’un phénotype distinct de BPCO associé à une maladie vasculaire. Enfin l’IRM pulmonaire reste un challenge pour l’imagerie du fait de la faible teneur en protons et des mouvements cardiaque et respiratoire. Nous avons testé et optimisé une nouvelle séquence permettant d’obtenir des imageries de qualité très proches de celles du TDM. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives sur l’imagerie non irradiante des maladies broncho-pulmonaires chroniques par IRM.Airway remodeling is a critical outcome in broncho-pulmonary obstructive disorders such as asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis. Research is needed in order to better understand the pathophysiological process underlying these different diseases, as well as their functional significance and consesquences in vivo. Imaging allows non-invasive and quantitative assessment of the remodeling process in vivo. In asthma, we have assessed the value of peribronchial density using microCT in murine models of ovalbumine sensitization. This novel biomarker was shown to relate with remodeling than inflammation of airways and could be used in preclinical studies. In humans, we first optimized an existing chain of post treatment in order to segment in 3 dimensions bronchi volumes in order to improve automation, detection and skeletonization. The software was applied in a prospective randomized double-blinded study in severe asthma, in order to test the effect of a new therapeutic anticalcic agent. Results showed that the software enables a non-invasive assessment of airway smooth muscle remodeling in severe asthma during therapeutic studies. In COPD, we have shown that quantitative CT is able to unravel new complex mechanisms that are involved in COPD but not in asthma, i.e. the development of pulmonary hypertension. CT measurements of small vessels were also shown to add complementary information on COPD phenotypes, supporting the existence of distinct subtypes of COPD related to a vascular rather than a broncho-pulmonary disease. Finally, lung MRI is still a challenging field of investigation, owing to the very low proton density of bronchi, the presence of movement artifact. We have tested and optimized an innovative sequence combined with respiratory synchronization in order to get images in close agreement with CT. Perspectives related to this novel non-invasive, quantitative and radiation-free imaging technique are promising in the evaluation of broncho-pulmonary obstructive diseases

Nouvelles approches en imagerie quantitative non-invasive pour l'évaluation des maladies broncho-pulmonaires obstructives chroniques

Airway remodeling is a critical outcome in broncho-pulmonary obstructive disorders such as asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis. Research is needed in order to better understand the pathophysiological process underlying these different diseases, as well as their functional significance and consesquences in vivo. Imaging allows non-invasive and quantitative assessment of the remodeling process in vivo. In asthma, we have assessed the value of peribronchial density using microCT in murine models of ovalbumine sensitization. This novel biomarker was shown to relate with remodeling than inflammation of airways and could be used in preclinical studies. In humans, we first optimized an existing chain of post treatment in order to segment in 3 dimensions bronchi volumes in order to improve automation, detection and skeletonization. The software was applied in a prospective randomized double-blinded study in severe asthma, in order to test the effect of a new therapeutic anticalcic agent. Results showed that the software enables a non-invasive assessment of airway smooth muscle remodeling in severe asthma during therapeutic studies. In COPD, we have shown that quantitative CT is able to unravel new complex mechanisms that are involved in COPD but not in asthma, i.e. the development of pulmonary hypertension. CT measurements of small vessels were also shown to add complementary information on COPD phenotypes, supporting the existence of distinct subtypes of COPD related to a vascular rather than a broncho-pulmonary disease. Finally, lung MRI is still a challenging field of investigation, owing to the very low proton density of bronchi, the presence of movement artifact. We have tested and optimized an innovative sequence combined with respiratory synchronization in order to get images in close agreement with CT. Perspectives related to this novel non-invasive, quantitative and radiation-free imaging technique are promising in the evaluation of broncho-pulmonary obstructive diseases.Le remodelage des voies aériennes est un phénomène mal connu, dont le rôle est central dans la sévérité des maladies broncho-pulmonaires obstructives chroniques telles que l’asthme et la broncho-pneumopathie obstructive chronique (BPCO). La recherche est nécessaire pour comprendre les mécanismes et les conséquences fonctionnelles, qui diffèrent dans ces deux maladies. L’imagerie a le potentiel de pouvoir évaluer de façon non-invasive, in vivo, les mécanismes mis en oeuvre dans ces maladies tandis que la recherche de marqueurs pertinents est une nécessité. Dans l’asthme, chez l’animal, nous avons évalué la densité péribronchique dans des modèles murins de sensibilisation allergique. Ce marqueur a été démontré comme étant un reflet du remodelage des voies aériennes et pourrait être utilisé dans des études précliniques. Chez l’homme, nous avons d’abord optimisé les performances d’un logiciel de segmentation 3D des volumes bronchiques, en termes d’automatisation, détection de bronches distales et squelettisation. Ce logiciel a été appliqué lors d’une étude thérapeutique en double aveugle versus placebo pour évaluer l’effet du gallopamil dans l’asthme sévère. Nos résultats montrent que le remodelage musculaire lisse est une composante clé du remodelage dans l’asthme, et que le TDM quantitatif permet d’évaluer les effets de molécules lors d’essais cliniques. Dans la BPCO, nous avons mis en évidence à l’aide de la TDM quantitative que le remodelage bronchique est impliqué dans une complication particulière qui n’est pas mise en oeuvre dans l’asthme, à savoir le développement d’une hypertension artérielle pulmonaire. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la mesure automatique des petits vaisseaux permet une analyse complémentaire et supporte l’hypothèse d’un phénotype distinct de BPCO associé à une maladie vasculaire. Enfin l’IRM pulmonaire reste un challenge pour l’imagerie du fait de la faible teneur en protons et des mouvements cardiaque et respiratoire. Nous avons testé et optimisé une nouvelle séquence permettant d’obtenir des imageries de qualité très proches de celles du TDM. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives sur l’imagerie non irradiante des maladies broncho-pulmonaires chroniques par IRM

3D human airway segmentation from high hesolution MR imaging

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A new processing sequence to assess airways using 3D CT-scan

International audienceAccurate measurement of physiological parameters such as the bronchial lumen and bronchial wall areas helps in the diagnosis of lung diseases. Algorithms allowing such measures are the result of complex processing sequences composed of (i) bronchial volume extraction (ii) bronchial volume skeletonization (iii) wall extraction. The proposed sequences however still show weaknesses in terms of precision, extent and automation. In this paper we address various problems encountered at each step of the processing sequence and propose a new sequence for measuring lumen on bronchial section. Finally, this sequence is tested on two datasets of 10 anonymous exams1 collected from 10 different healthy volunteers and 10 different patients suffering from asthma that were attended by different practitioners

<p>Assessing pulmonary hypertension in COPD. Is there a role for computed tomography?</p>

International audiencePulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Reference standard method to diagnose PH is right heart catheterization. Several non-invasive imaging techniques have been employed in the detection of PH. Among them, computed tomography (CT) is the most commonly used for phenotyping and detecting complications of COPD. Several CT findings have also been described in patients with severe PH. Nevertheless, CT analysis is currently based on visual findings which can lead to reproducibility failure. Therefore, there is a need for quantification in order to assess objective criteria. In this review, progresses in automated analyses of CT parameters and their values in predicting PH and COPD outcomes are presented

Lung CT Synthesis Using GANs with Conditional Normalization on Registered Ultrashort Echo-Time MRI

International audienceIn clinical practice, the modality of choice for lung diagnosis is usually computed tomography (CT), which exposes patients to ionizing radiations and could potentially affect patients' health. Conversely, MR scan is considered safe and non-invasive but seems challenging due to the low proton density of the lungs and respiratory artifacts. Recently, ultrashort echo-time (UTE) MRI has been developed for lung assessment and shows promising results. In this work, we propose generating 2D synthetic CT slices from UTE MR slices, to improve the image quality and interpretability. Lung MR and CT volumes of 110 patients acquired on the same day were registered using an accurate edge-based non-rigid registration method. We trained and compared paired state-of-the-art generative models based on adversarial, feature-matching and perceptual losses, and also evaluated the impact of conditional batch normalization, namely SPADE [17], on image synthesis. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations showed that this approach was able to synthesize CT images that closely approximate ground truth CT images, and also enables the use of algorithms originally designed for real CT