Large-scale analysis of the mycoplasma bovis genome identified non-essential, adhesion- and virulence-related genes

Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle causing bovine mycoplasmosis. Clinical manifestations are numerous, but pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis cases are mainly reported. Currently, no efficient vaccine is available and antibiotic treatments are not always satisfactory. The design of new, efficient prophylactic and therapeutic approaches requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for M. bovis pathogenicity. Random transposon mutagenesis has been widely used in Mycoplasma species to identify potential gene functions. Such an approach can also be used to screen genomes and search for essential and non-essential genes for growth. Here, we generated a random transposon mutant library of M. bovis strain JF4278 containing approximately 4000 independent insertion sites. We then coupled high-throughput screening of this mutant library to transposon sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify M. bovis non-essential, adhesion- and virulence- related genes. Three hundred and fifty-two genes of M. bovis were assigned as essential for growth in rich medium. Among the remaining non-essential genes, putative virulence-related factors were subsequently identified. The complete mutant library was screened for adhesion using primary bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Data from this assay resulted in a list of conditional-essential genes with putative adhesion-related functions by identifying non-essential genes for growth that are essential for host cell-adhesion. By individually assessing the adhesion capacity of six selected mutants, two previously unknown factors and the adhesin TrmFO were associated with a reduced adhesion phenotype. Overall, our study (i) uncovers new, putative virulence-related genes; (ii) offers a list of putative adhesion-related factors; and (iii) provides valuable information for vaccine design and for exploring M. bovis biology, pathogenesis, and host-interaction

Staphylococcus xylosus : cartographie du génome et diversité génétique

Staphylococcus xylosus is a ubiquitous bacterium, and a commensal of the human and animals' cutaneo-mucosa. It is one of the principal starters used in fermented meat industry. Its technological properties were well-known but few genetic data on this species were available. We established the first physical and genetic map of the S. xylosus C2a strain. This map allowed estimating the chromosome size (2.89 Mb) and gave first indication of the S. xylosus chromosome organization. Within this species we showed that there was a great diversity, at once phenotypic (sugar metabolism, giant colony formation) and genotypic (genomic profiles, size of the chromosome). Following subtractive hybridization, we studied the genetic content diversity of strains from various origins. The genome of the S. xylosus C2a strain was subtracted from those of a starter strain and two strains isolated from opportunist infections. A total of 78 kb of DNA sequences were identified, the majority corresponding to metabolic genes. The distribution of strain-specific fragments within the S. xylosus species revealed two clusters. One was composed of the potentially hazardous strains. These fragments could be used in epidemiologic studies. A majority of strainspecific fragments was colocalized on the oriC region of S. xylosus chromosomes. This region corresponded to an insertion loop which allowed the acquisition of important genetic material necessary for S. xylosus fitness to various ecological niches. Sequencing this area in various strains should provide a better understanding of the S. xylosus genome plasticity.Staphylococcus xylosus est une bactérie ubiquitaire, commensale de la peau et des muqueuses de l'homme et des animaux. C'est un des principaux ferments utilisé en salaison. Ses propriétés technologiques étaient bien connues mais peu de données génétiques sur cette espèce étaient disponibles. Nous avons établi la première carte physique et génétique de la souche modèle S. xylosus C2a. Cette carte nous a permis d'avoir une estimation de la taille (2,89 Mb) et de l'organisation globale d'un chromosome de S. xylosus. Au sein de cette espèce, nous avons montré qu'il existait une grande diversité, tant au niveau des caractères phénotypiques (métabolisme des sucres, formation de colonies géantes) que génotypiques (profils génomiques, taille du chromosome). Nous avons étudié, par hybridation soustractive, la diversité du contenu génétique de souches de diverses origines. Le génome de la souche C2a a été soustrait à ceux d'un ferment et de deux souches isolées d'infections opportunistes. Au total, 78 kb de séquences d'ADN ont été identifiés, la majorité correspondant à des gènes du métabolisme. La distribution de ces fragments souchesspécifiques au sein de l'espèce S. xylosus révèle deux groupes dont un composé des souches présentant un risque potentiel. Ces fragments pourraient être utilisés dans des études épidémiologiques. La région de l'oriC est une zone d'insertion privilégiée de ces fragments sur les chromosomes de S. xylosus. Elle permet l'acquisition de matériel génétique important pour son adaptation à différentes niches écologiques. Le séquençage de cette zone chez différentes souches permettra d'évaluer la plasticité des génomes de S. xylosus

Staphylococcus xylosus (cartographie du génome et diversité génétique)

Staphylococcus xylosus est une bactérie ubiquitaire, commensale de la peau et des muqueuses des mammifères. C'est un des principaux ferments utilisés en salaison. Nous avons établi la carte physique et génétique de la souche modèle S. xylosus C2a. Cette carte nous a permis d'avoir une estimation de la taille (2,89 Mb) et de l'organisation globale d'un chromosome de S. xylosus. Au sein de cette espèce, nous avons montré qu'il existait une grande diversité à la fois phénotypique et génotypique. Nous avons étudié cette diversité intra-espèce par hybridation soustractive. Le génome de la souche C2a a été soustrait à ceux d'un ferment et de deux souches isolées d'infections opportunistes. Au total, 78 kb de séquences d'ADN ont été identifiés. Leur distribution sein de l'espèce révèle l'existence d'un groupe de souches présentant un risque potentiel. La région de l'oriC permettrait l'acquisition de matériel génétique impliqué dans l'adaptation de S. xylosus à différentes niches écologiquesCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Mycoplasma conjugative chromosomal transfer: Influence of the antibiotic on the extent of genome mosaicism

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Genomic Diversity in Staphylococcus xylosus▿

Staphylococcus xylosus is a commensal of the skin of humans and animals and a ubiquitous bacterium naturally present in food. It is one of the major starter cultures used for meat fermentation, but a few strains could potentially be hazardous and are related to animal opportunistic infections. To better understand the genetic diversity of S. xylosus intraspecies, suppressive and subtractive hybridization (SSH) was carried out with the S. xylosus C2a strain, a commensal of human skin, used as the driver for three tester strains, S04002 used as a starter culture, S04009 isolated from cow mastitis, and 00-1747, responsible for mouse dermatitis. SSH revealed 122 tester-specific fragments corresponding to 149 open reading frames (ORFs). A large proportion of these ORFs resembled genes involved in specific metabolisms. Analysis of the distribution of the tester-specific fragments in 20 S. xylosus strains of various origins showed that the S. xylosus species could be divided into two clusters with one composed only of potentially hazardous strains. The genetic content diversity of this species is colocalized in a region near the origin of replication of the chromosome. This region of speciation previously observed in the Staphylococcus genus corresponded in S. xylosus species to a strain-specific region potentially implicated in ecological fitness

Random insertion and gene disruption via transposon mutagenesis of Ureaplasma parvum using a mini-transposon plasmid

While transposon mutagenesis has been successfully used for Mycoplasma spp. to disrupt and determine non-essential genes, previous attempts with Ureaplasma spp. have been unsuccessful. Using a polyethylene glycol-transformation enhancing protocol, we were able to transform three separate serovars of Ureaplasma parvum with a Tn4001-based mini-transposon plasmid containing a gentamicin resistance selection marker. Despite the large degree of homology between Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum, all attempts to transform the latter in parallel failed, with the exception of a single clinical U. urealyticum isolate. PCR probing and sequencing were used to confirm transposon insertion into the bacterial genome and identify disrupted genes. Transformation of prototype serovar 3 consistently resulted in transfer only of sequence between the mini-transposon inverted repeats, but some strains showed additional sequence transfer. Transposon insertion occurred randomly in the genome resulting in unique disruption of genes UU047, UU390, UU440, UU450, UU520, UU526, UU582 for single clones from a panel of screened clones. An intergenic insertion between genes UU187 and UU188 was also characterised. Two phenotypic alterations were observed in the mutated strains: Disruption of a DEAD-box RNA helicase (UU582) altered growth kinetics, while the U. urealyticum strain lost resistance to serum attack coincident with disruption of gene UUR10_137 and loss of expression of a 41 kDa protein. Transposon mutagenesis was used successfully to insert single copies of a mini-transposon into the genome and disrupt genes leading to phenotypic changes in Ureaplasma parvum strains. This method can now be used to deliver exogenous genes for expression and determine essential genes for Ureaplasma parvum replication in culture and experimental models