Variación horizontal y vertical de la comunidad oceánica de copépodos en el Caribe colombiano

Con el fin de determinar los esquemas de distribución horizontal y vertical en la estructura de la comunidad de copépodos epipelágicos y mesopelágicos de la Ecorregión Caribe Oceánico (CAO) y las variables oceanográficas que la regulan; se realizaron siete expediciones oceanográficas, entre los años 2013 y 2018, enmarcadas en los proyectos de exploración de línea base ambiental marina entre la Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) y el INVEMAR. Se colectaron datos oceanográficos y 140 muestras de zooplancton en cuatro rangos de profundidad, entre los 0 y 1000 m. Se identificaron un total de 133 especies, de los cuales, 33 son nuevos registros para el Caribe colombiano y a 50 se les amplia la distribución geográfica. Se sugieren cuatro especies indicadoras para la Corriente Norecuatorial y la masa de Agua Superficial del Caribe (ASC) y dos indicadoras de masas de agua profunda como el Agua Central del Atlántico Norte (ACAN) y el Agua Intermedia Subantártica (AIS). El ensamblaje de copépodos responde a patrones oceanográficos locales que están regulados (24%) por la variabilidad del oxígeno disuelto y la temperatura en la columna de agua. La estructura horizontal del ensamblaje presenta una sectorización espacial: zona suroeste-centro, zona de influencia de la pluma del río Magdalena y zona noreste. Los procesos de mezcla de masas de agua, y los mecanismos de migración, favorecen la homogeneidad del ensamblaje vertical de los copépodos en la ecorregión CAO. Este estudio aportó información relevante sobre la riqueza, diversidad y densidad de individuos, brindando información clave para describir los procesos ecológicos y las diferentes respuestas a los factores oceanográficos que los modulan.In order to determine the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns in the structure of the epipelagic and mesopelagic copepod community in the Oceanic Caribbean Ecoregion (CAO) and the oceanographic variables that regulate them, seven oceanographic expeditions were carried out between 2013 and 2018, within the framework of the marine environmental baseline exploration projects between the National Hydrocarbons Agency (ANH) and INVEMAR. Oceanographic data and 140 zooplankton samples were collected in four depth ranges, between 0 and 1000 m. A total number of 133 species were identified, 33 of wich are new records for the Colombian Caribbean and 50 have amplified their geographical distribution. Four indicator species are suggested for the North Equatorial Current and the Caribbean Surface Water (CSW) and two species as indicators of deep water masses, such as western North Atlanctic Central Water (wNACW) and Subantartic Intermediate Water (SAIW). The copepod assemblage responds to local oceanographic patterns that are regulated (24%) by the variability of dissolved oxygen and temperature in the water column. The horizontal structure of the assemblage presents a spatial sectorization: southwest-central zone, zone of influence of the Magdalena River plume and northeast zone. The processes of mixing water masses and the mechanisms of migration favor the homogeneity of the vertical assemblage of copepods in the CAO ecoregion. This study obtained relevant information on the richness, diversity, and density of individuals, providing key information to describe the ecological processes and the different responses to the oceanographic factors that modulate them.INVEMAR, ANHMaestrí

Record of Cletocamptus sinaloensis (COPEPODA: HARPACTICOIDA: CANTHOCAMPTIDAE) from the caribbean coast of Colombia

Objetivos: Reportar el primer registro de C. sinaloensis para Colombia. Alcance. Presentar una breve descripción de este material para apoyar la identificación del nuevo material encontrado. Metodología: Se tomaron muestras de agua en Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Colombia utilizando un balde de 25 L. Las muestras se filtraron con una red estándar de zooplancton (malla con diámetro de poro de 45 μm) y se fijaron y conservaron en etanol al 70%. Los copépodos harpacticoides se separaron con un pincel. Las muestras disecadas y los apéndices se montaron en glicerina. Los apéndices disecados se fotografiaron usando una cámara digital Kodak Easy Share C140 adaptada a un microscopio compuesto con un aumento de 1000X. Resultados principales: Cletocamptus sinaloensis parece estar estrechamente relacionado con C. levis Gómez 2005, conocido en Brasil. La cercanía de estas especies se asumió en función de la forma general y el número de setas del palpo mandibular (un segmentado con tres setas), P2-P4 EXP3 y ENP2 con 5-5-4 y 3-3-2 elementos respectivamente, relación longitud: anchura de la rama caudal, y ornamentación del opérculo anal con dos filas de espínulas fuertes. Sin embargo, pueden separarse por 1) el complemento de armadura del exopodo antenal, 2) la longitud del lóbulo exopodal de la P5 de la hembra, 3) la longitud relativa del P3ENP, 4) el número de setas en la P6 de la hembra. Conclusiones: El espécimen de Colombia tiene las características diagnósticas de C. sinaloensis como se describió originalmente, pero muestra diferencias sutiles en la longitud de P1 ENP, en la forma del receptáculo seminal y en la longitud relativa de P6.Objectives: to report the first record of C. sinaloensis for Colombia. Scope: to present a brief description of this material in order to support the identification of the newly found material. Methodology: Water samples were taken at Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Colombia using a 25 L bucket. Samples were filtered with a standard zooplankton net (45 μm mesh) and fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol. Harpacticoid copepods were separated with a brush. Dissected specimens and appendages were mounted in glycerine. The dissected appendages were photographed using a Kodak Easy Share C140 digital camera adapted to a compound microscope at a magnification of 1000X. Main results: Cletocamptus sinaloensis seems to be closely related to C. levis Gómez 2005, known from Brazil. The closeness of these species was assumed based on the general shape and number of setae of the mandibular palp (one-segmented with three setae), P2-P4 EXP3 and ENP2 with 5-5-4 and 3-3-2 elements respectively, length: width ratio of the caudal rami, and ornamentation of the anal operculum with two rows of strong spinules. Nevertheless, they can be separated by 1) the armature complement of the antennal exopod, 2) length of the exopodal lobe of the female P5, 3) relative length of the P3ENP, 4) number of setae on the female P6. Conclusions: The specimen from Colombia bears the diagnostic features of C. sinaloensis as originally described, but shows subtle differences in the length of P1ENP, shape of seminal receptacle and relative length of P6

Ontogeny of the sporangium, spore formation and cytochemistry in Colombian Lycopodials (Lycopodiaceae)

Studies on reproductive aspects of Lycopodiaceae are not very abundant in the scientific literature, and constitute essential information to support taxonomic and systematic relationships among the group. Here we present a detailed study of the ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis, and the chemical determination of several compounds generated during spore formation. The analyses were performed in 14 taxa of six genera of the family, Diphasiastrum, Diphasium, Huperzia (a genus which is treated here including Phlegmariurus), Lycopodiella, Lycopodium and Palhinhaea. Specimens were collected in three departments from the Colombian Andes between 1 454-3 677m altitude. Ontogeny was studied in small, 1cm long pieces of strobili and axis, which were fixed in glutaraldehyde or FAA, dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in LR White, sectioned in 0.2- 0.5μm and stained with toluidine blue (TBO), a metachromatic dye that allows to detect both sporopollenin and lignin or its precursors, during these processes. For other studies, paraplast plus-embedded sections (3-5μm) were stained with safranin-fast green and alcian blue-hematoxylin. Chemical tests were also conducted in sections of fresh sporangia at different stages of maturity using alcian blue (mucopolysaccharides), Lugol solution (starch), Sudan III (lipids), phloroglucinol (lignin) and orcein (chromosomes). Sections were observed with photonic microscope equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) and fluorescence microscopy (for spore and sporangium walls unstained). Strobili and sporangia were dehydrated with 2.2 dimethoxypropane, critical point dried and coated with gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results indicated that the ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis were very similar to the previously observed in Huperzia brevifolia. Cutinisation occurs in early stages of development of sporangium cell walls, but in their final stages walls become lignified. As for the sporoderm development, the exospore is the first layer formed, composed by sporopollenin. The endospore deposits as a thin inner layer composed of cellulose, pectin and carboxylated polysaccharides. The perispore, if present, deposits at last. Mucopolysaccharides were found on the sporocyte coat and its abundance in sporangial cavity persists up to the immature tetrads stage, and then disappears. The lipids were abundant in the sporocytes, tetrads and spores, representing the main source of energy of the latter. In contrast, starch is not detected in the spores, but is abundant in premeiotic sporocytes and immature tetrads, developmental stages of high cellular metabolic activity. Intrinsic fluorescence corroborates the presence of lignin and cutin in the sporangium wall, while the sporopollenin is restricted to the exospore. The transfusion cells and the perispore are not always present. However, the processes of ontogeny and sporogenesis are extremely similar throughout the taxa studied, suggesting that they represent conservative family traits, nonspecific or generic.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Ontogeny of the sporangium, spore formation and cytochemistry in Colombian Lycopodials (Lycopodiaceae)

Studies on reproductive aspects of Lycopodiaceae are not very abundant in the scientific literature, and constitute essential information to support taxonomic and systematic relationships among the group. Here we present a detailed study of the ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis, and the chemical determination of several compounds generated during spore formation. The analyses were performed in 14 taxa of six genera of the family, Diphasiastrum, Diphasium, Huperzia (a genus which is treated here including Phlegmariurus), Lycopodiella, Lycopodium and Palhinhaea. Specimens were collected in three departments from the Colombian Andes between 1 454-3 677m altitude. Ontogeny was studied in small, 1cm long pieces of strobili and axis, which were fixed in glutaraldehyde or FAA, dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in LR White, sectioned in 0.2- 0.5μm and stained with toluidine blue (TBO), a metachromatic dye that allows to detect both sporopollenin and lignin or its precursors, during these processes. For other studies, paraplast plus-embedded sections (3-5μm) were stained with safranin-fast green and alcian blue-hematoxylin. Chemical tests were also conducted in sections of fresh sporangia at different stages of maturity using alcian blue (mucopolysaccharides), Lugol solution (starch), Sudan III (lipids), phloroglucinol (lignin) and orcein (chromosomes). Sections were observed with photonic microscope equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) and fluorescence microscopy (for spore and sporangium walls unstained). Strobili and sporangia were dehydrated with 2.2 dimethoxypropane, critical point dried and coated with gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results indicated that the ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis were very similar to the previously observed in Huperzia brevifolia. Cutinisation occurs in early stages of development of sporangium cell walls, but in their final stages walls become lignified. As for the sporoderm development, the exospore is the first layer formed, composed by sporopollenin. The endospore deposits as a thin inner layer composed of cellulose, pectin and carboxylated polysaccharides. The perispore, if present, deposits at last. Mucopolysaccharides were found on the sporocyte coat and its abundance in sporangial cavity persists up to the immature tetrads stage, and then disappears. The lipids were abundant in the sporocytes, tetrads and spores, representing the main source of energy of the latter. In contrast, starch is not detected in the spores, but is abundant in premeiotic sporocytes and immature tetrads, developmental stages of high cellular metabolic activity. Intrinsic fluorescence corroborates the presence of lignin and cutin in the sporangium wall, while the sporopollenin is restricted to the exospore. The transfusion cells and the perispore are not always present. However, the processes of ontogeny and sporogenesis are extremely similar throughout the taxa studied, suggesting that they represent conservative family traits, nonspecific or generic.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Ontogeny of the sporangium, spore formation and cytochemistry in Colombian Lycopodials (Lycopodiaceae)

Studies on reproductive aspects of Lycopodiaceae are not very abundant in the scientific literature, and constitute essential information to support taxonomic and systematic relationships among the group. Here we present a detailed study of the ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis, and the chemical determination of several compounds generated during spore formation. The analyses were performed in 14 taxa of six genera of the family, Diphasiastrum, Diphasium, Huperzia (a genus which is treated here including Phlegmariurus), Lycopodiella, Lycopodium and Palhinhaea. Specimens were collected in three departments from the Colombian Andes between 1 454-3 677m altitude. Ontogeny was studied in small, 1cm long pieces of strobili and axis, which were fixed in glutaraldehyde or FAA, dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in LR White, sectioned in 0.2- 0.5μm and stained with toluidine blue (TBO), a metachromatic dye that allows to detect both sporopollenin and lignin or its precursors, during these processes. For other studies, paraplast plus-embedded sections (3-5μm) were stained with safranin-fast green and alcian blue-hematoxylin. Chemical tests were also conducted in sections of fresh sporangia at different stages of maturity using alcian blue (mucopolysaccharides), Lugol solution (starch), Sudan III (lipids), phloroglucinol (lignin) and orcein (chromosomes). Sections were observed with photonic microscope equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) and fluorescence microscopy (for spore and sporangium walls unstained). Strobili and sporangia were dehydrated with 2.2 dimethoxypropane, critical point dried and coated with gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results indicated that the ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis were very similar to the previously observed in Huperzia brevifolia. Cutinisation occurs in early stages of development of sporangium cell walls, but in their final stages walls become lignified. As for the sporoderm development, the exospore is the first layer formed, composed by sporopollenin. The endospore deposits as a thin inner layer composed of cellulose, pectin and carboxylated polysaccharides. The perispore, if present, deposits at last. Mucopolysaccharides were found on the sporocyte coat and its abundance in sporangial cavity persists up to the immature tetrads stage, and then disappears. The lipids were abundant in the sporocytes, tetrads and spores, representing the main source of energy of the latter. In contrast, starch is not detected in the spores, but is abundant in premeiotic sporocytes and immature tetrads, developmental stages of high cellular metabolic activity. Intrinsic fluorescence corroborates the presence of lignin and cutin in the sporangium wall, while the sporopollenin is restricted to the exospore. The transfusion cells and the perispore are not always present. However, the processes of ontogeny and sporogenesis are extremely similar throughout the taxa studied, suggesting that they represent conservative family traits, nonspecific or generic.Laboratorio de Estudios de Anatomía Vegetal Evolutiva y Sistemátic

C-reactive protein for diagnosing late-onset infection in newborn infants

BACKGROUND: Late-onset infection is the most common serious complication associated with hospital care for newborn infants. Because confirming the diagnosis by microbiological culture typically takes 24 to 48 hours, the serum level of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) measured as part of the initial investigation is used as an adjunctive rapid test to guide management in infants with suspected late-onset infection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serum CRP measurement in detecting late-onset infection in newborn infants. SEARCH METHODS: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Science Citation Index to September 2017), conference proceedings, previous reviews, and the reference lists of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included cohort and cross-sectional studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of serum CRP levels for the detection of late-onset infection (occurring more than 72 hours after birth) in newborn infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility for inclusion, evaluated the methodological quality of included studies, and extracted data to estimate diagnostic accuracy using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) models. We assessed heterogeneity by examining variability of study estimates and overlap of the 95% confidence interval (CI) in forest plots of sensitivity and specificity. MAIN RESULTS: The search identified 20 studies (1615 infants). Most were small, single-centre, prospective cohort studies conducted in neonatal units in high- or middle-income countries since the late 1990s. Risk of bias in the included studies was generally low with independent assessment of index and reference tests. Most studies used a prespecified serum CRP threshold level as the definition of a 'positive' index test (typical cut-off level between 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L) and the culture of a pathogenic micro-organism from blood as the reference standard.At median specificity (0.74), sensitivity was 0.62 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.73). Heterogeneity was evident in the forest plots but it was not possible to conduct subgroup or meta-regression analyses by gestational ages, types of infection, or types of infecting micro-organism. Covariates for whether studies used a predefined threshold or not, and whether studies used a standard threshold of between 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L, were not statistically significant. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The serum CRP level at initial evaluation of an infant with suspected late-onset infection is unlikely to be considered sufficiently accurate to aid early diagnosis or select infants to undergo further investigation or treatment with antimicrobial therapy or other interventions

LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN EN LA EDUCACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA: MODELOS Y TENDENCIAS DE USO

LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN EN LA EDUCACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA: MODELOS Y TENDENCIAS DE USO   COLECCIÓN RESULTADO DE INVESTIGACIÓN   Primera Edición 2021 Vol. 1   Editorial EIDEC Sello   Editorial EIDEC (978-958-53018) NIT 900583173-1   ISBN: 978-958-53018-7-0 Formato: Digital PDF (Portable Document Format) DOI REPOSITORIO: https://doi.org/10.34893/1hfp-y566 Publicación: Colombia Fecha Publicación: 2021-05-31   Coordinación Editorial Escuela Internacional de Negocios y Desarrollo Empresarial de Colombia – EIDEC Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional - ITFIP.  Colombia Centro de Investigación Científica, Empresarial y Tecnológica de Colombia – CEINCET Red de Investigación en Educación, Empresa y Sociedad – REDIEES   Revisión y pares evaluadores Centro de Investigación Científica, Empresarial y Tecnológica de Colombia – CEINCET Red de Investigación en Educación, Empresa y Sociedad – REDIEES   Entidad Financiadora Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional - ITFIP.  Colombia AUTORES   Ana Angélica Casara Palivoda Wilske[1], Ana Belem Soberanes-Martín[2], Anthony Bautista-Pariona [3], Armando Guillermo Antúnez Sánchez[4], Brenda Luz Colorado Aguilar[5], Bruno Eliseo Ramírez Rengifo  [6],   Catalina Rondón Oyuela[7], Cindy Jiménez-Picado[8], Fernando Pari-Tito[9], Edgar de Jesús Ramírez Ramírez[10] Fredery Fabían Polanias Soto[11], Gloria Concepción Tenorio-Sepúlveda[12], Irma Pianucci[13], José Cabrejo-Paredes[14], Juan Zarate-Yépez[15], Karla Yanitzia Artavia-Díaz[16], Libardo Cartagena[17],   Lupe Esther Graus Cortez[18], María Guadalupe Ñeco Reyna[19], María Guadalupe Venteño Jaramillo[20], María Laura Manzi[21], Marta Tenutto Soldevilla[22], Melissa Rivera Guzmán[23], Nayibe Soraya Sánchez León[24], Osbaldo Turpo-Gebera[25], Raúl Alberto Irigoyen[26], Roció Diaz Zavala[27], Tanya Lizeth Báez Jiménez [28], Yolanda Coral Martínez Dorado[29] , Yudi Castro Blanco[30] Yusselfy Márquez Benítez[31]     [1]Estudiante de maestría en Prácticas Transculturales - UNIFACVEST / Brasil / Santa Catarina. Especialista en educación especial. Licenciada en Letras. [2]Licenciada en Sistemas de Computación Administrativa, Universidad del Valle de México, Maestra en Educación, Universidad de las Américas, Doctora en Ciencias de la Educación, Colegio de Estudios de Posgrado de la Ciudad de México. Profesora de Tiempo Completo, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, correo electrónico: [email protected]. [3]Pregrado, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Médico Cirujano, Universidad Nacional del Santa, correo electrónico:  [email protected]. [4] Docente de Pregrado y Posgrado en la Universidad de Granma, Cuba, [email protected] [5]Doctorado en sistemas y ambientes educativos, Universidad Veracruzana, Profesor-investigador en la Benemérita Escuela Normal Veracruzana “Enrique C. Rébsamen”, [email protected] [6] Ingeniero agrónomo, Universidad del Tolima. Magister en Administración y Dirección de Empresas MBA, UNIR de la Rioja España.   Docente, Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional ITFIP, Espinal Tolima, Colombia. Docente de tiempo completo, [email protected] [7] Tecnóloga en Gestión Informática. Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional ITFIP, Espinal Tolima, Colombia, Estudiante de Ingeniería de sistemas, [email protected] [8]Graduada en Enseñanza de Inglés y Negocios Internacionales, Maestrando en Administración con énfasis en Gerencia de Proyectos, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Investigadora y Docente, UNED, [email protected]. [9] Investigador Junior, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, correo electrónico: [email protected] [10] Estudiante de doctorado en Educación, de la Universidad San Buenaventura, Cali. Docente de inglés de la IE. Agustín Nieto Caballero, en Cali. [email protected] [11] Doctor en robótica y automatización. Ingeniero Electrónico.  Actualmente docente de catedra del ITFIP, [email protected] [12] Licenciada en informática administrativa, Universidad Tecnológica Americana, Maestra en Tecnología Educativa, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Profesora investigadora, Tecnológico Nacional de México / Tes de Chalco, correo electrónico: [email protected] [13] Lic. en Cs. de la Computación, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Especialista en Entornos Virtuales de Aprendizaje, OEI, Prof. Adjunto, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, correo electrónico: [email protected] [14] Pregrado, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Posgrado, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Docente Universitario, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, correo electrónico: [email protected]. [15] Tesista de posgrado, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, correo electrónico: [email protected] [16]Graduada en Docencia, Universidad San Marcos (USAM), Máster en Administración de negocios con énfasis en Gerencia de Proyectos, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Investigadora y Gestora de proyectos, UNED, [email protected] [17]Ingeniero Electrónico, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Magister en Ingeniería Universidad Libre Bogotá, Magister en Gestión de Proyectos Tecnológicos Universidad Internacional de la Rioja “UNIR”. Ocupación: docente, Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional “ITFIP”, correo electrónico: [email protected]. [18] Magister en Educación de la Universidad del Tolima. Licenciada en Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Cundinamarca UEDC.  Actualmente Vicerrectora Académica del Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional ITFIP del Espinal Tol. [email protected]. [19] PhD. En Educación. Mención en Estudios Interculturales. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia-UNED-Madrid- España. - Universidad Veracruzana- Docente. Red Iberoamericana de Estudios Interculturales e Interdisciplinarios. ORCID: org/0000-1915-386X  GOOGLE ACADEMICO: http://mariagpe.edu/%C3%B1eco Correo electrónico Institucional: [email protected]  Correo electrónico Personal: [email protected] [20]  Dra. En Economía, Especialidad en Ciencias, Tecnología e Innovación – Posgrado. UNAM Docente – UNAM. Facultad de Filosofía en Letras. Red Iberoamericana de Estudios interculturales e Interdisciplinarios. ORCID: 0000-0003-4832-6221 GOOGLE ACADEMICO: https://scholar.google.com.mx/citations?user=wd9SXaMAAAAJ&hl=en [21] Lic. en Psicología, Universidad de Palermo, Profesora universitaria, Universidad de Palermo, Diploma superior en Gestión educativa (FLACSO), docente de Universidad Favaloro y Universidad de Palermo, correo electrónico: [email protected] [22] Dra. de educación (UNL, UNSam, UnSam, Mgter. y Espec. en educación (UdeSA), Lic. en Psicología (UBA), Lic. y profesora (UM), docente de UNLaM, UNM, Dir. de Esp. en Docencia Universitaria con Orientación. Cs Agr. (UNR), coordinadora del doctorado intensivo (UP) correo electrónico: [email protected] [23]  Ingeniera de Sistemas, Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional ITFIP, Espinal Tolima, Colombia. Docente Catedrática, [email protected] [24] Ingeniera de sistemas, Universidad Antonio Nariño. Magister en E-learning y Redes Sociales, UNIR de la Rioja España.   Docente, Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional ITFIP, Espinal Tolima, Colombia. Docente de tiempo completo,  [email protected] [25] Docente - Investigador, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, correo electrónico: [email protected] [26] Maestrando en Educación, Universidad Nacional de la Matanza (UNLaM), Lic. en Gestión Educativa (UNLaM), docente de (UNLaM), Universidad Favaloro y de AMIT, correo electrónico: [email protected] [27] Docente, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, correo electrónico: [email protected] [28] Licenciatura en Educación Preescolar, Benemérita Escuela Normal Veracruzana “Enrique C. Rébsamen”, Egresada de la Licenciatura en Educación Preescolar, [email protected] [29] Doctora en Pedagogía. Profesora Titular y Líder del Grupo de Investigación “Gestión del Conocimiento para la Innovación Educativa” en la Escuela Normal Superior Oficial de Guanajuato, México. [email protected] [30] Docente de Pregrado y Posgrado en la Universidad de Granma, Cuba, [email protected] [31] Bacterióloga y Laboratorista Clínico, Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Magister en Educación, Universidad de Pamplona N.S. Docente Investigador Universitario, Universidad de Boyacá. correo electrónico: [email protected]   Coordinadores editoriales   Mg. Nayibe Soraya Sánchez León - Colombia Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional - ITFIP.  Colombia   Mg. Yohanna Milena Rueda Mahecha Editorial EIDEC   Dr. Cesar Augusto Silva Giraldo Centro de Investigación Científica, Empresarial y Tecnológica de Colombia – CEINCET – Colombia. Red de Investigación en Educación, Empresa y Sociedad – REDIEES – Colombia.   Editores literarios   PhD. José Hugo Cornejo Martin del Campo - México PhD. Eva Margarita Godínez López - México PhD. Hugo Heriberto Morales del Valle - México Lic. Bertha Amelia Soria Zendejas - México Maestro Tiburcio López Macías - México Mg. Nayibe Soraya Sánchez León - Colombia   El libro LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN EN LA EDUCACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA: MODELOS Y TENDENCIAS DE USO, esta publicado bajo la licencia de Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) Internacional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es). Esta licencia permite copiar, adaptar, redistribuir y reproducir el material en cualquier medio o formato, con fines no comerciales, dando crédito al autor y fuente original, proporcionando un enlace de la licencia de Creative Commons e indicando si se han realizado cambios. Licencia: CC BY-NC 4.0. NOTA EDITORIAL: Las opiniones y los contenidos de los resúmenes publicados en el libro LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN EN LA EDUCACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA: MODELOS Y TENDENCIAS DE USO.  Son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores; así mismo, éstos se responsabilizarán de obtener el permiso correspondiente para incluir material publicado por parte de la Editorial EIDEC y la entidad financiadora de la publicación Instituto Tolimense de Formación Técnica Profesional - ITFIP.&nbsp

Los sistemas nacionales de inversión pública en Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica y Trinidad y Tabago

Incluye BibliografíaEste documento sintetiza las principales características de los Sistemas Nacionales de Inversión Pública (SNIP); en Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica y Trinidad y Tabago, como muestra representativa de la situación en toda la subregión del Caribe. Durante su elaboración se han analizado todas las variables que conforman los Sistemas de Inversión siguiendo el enfoque metodológico del ILPES, aplicado al resto de países de América Latina, con el objeto de facilitar el análisis comparativo y destacar las principales diferencias, similitudes y rasgos propios, teniendo en cuenta la institucionalidad, las normas, los procedimientos, los recursos y los criterios de política propios de los países del Caribe. El documento parte con una reseña sobre las más destacadas propiedades, que desde el punto de vista de la política económica, enfrentan los estados insulares del Caribe, asociadas a su tamaño pequeño, aislamiento, escasez de recursos, dependencia de las fluctuaciones de los mercados externos y alto riesgo a los desastres naturales. Dentro del balance de ventajas y desventajas, desde el punto de vista de los SNIP, se destaca el rol que pueden jugar los bienes transables y los no transables frente a las deseconomías de escala y las potencialidades para la cohesión social y la mayor cercanía entre el Estado y los ciudadanos para identificar y ejecutar proyectos de inversión. El análisis de los SNIP en Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica y Trinidad y Tabago se centra fundamentalmente en la forma como se desenvuelven tres ejes temáticos: coordinación y fuentes de financiamiento de proyectos y programas; las Funciones Básicas de la Planificación (evaluación, prospectiva, coordinación); y el ciclo programático dado por las relaciones entre plan-programación de inversiones-programación presupuestaria y proyectos. Se examina el valor agregado o contribución neta que realizan los SNIP, ya sea como proceso para mejorar la calidad de la inversión, por los márgenes con que se dispone para reorientar el desarrollo económico y social de las islas o como instrumento puente entre la planificación estratégica y la asignación eficiente de la inversión y el presupuesto. Por último, se examinan las implicaciones de diverso orden que plantea un enfoque sistémico entre los niveles estratégico (macro);, programático (meso); y operativo (micro); de los proyectos y programas, teniendo en cuenta el rol de los involucrados, las políticas, los plazos y principalmente las relaciones entre las unidades ejecutoras de proyectos y las oficinas nacionales de presupuesto, de acuerdo a la evolución del ciclo del proyecto. Las fuentes de información para el presente trabajo se basaron en documentos y publicaciones oficiales suministrados por las agencias responsables en cada país o mediante acceso vía Internet a la más variada gama de instituciones nacionales y multilaterales. Una misión a cada uno de los países en cuestión, permitió mediante entrevistas complementar el escenario informativo y validar hipótesis. El aporte e interés de numerosas personas fue fundamental para lograr este producto, el cual se espera facilite el debate y promueva el intercambio de experiencias entre los países de América Latina y el Caribe y, entre los cuatro países analizados y el resto de la subregión

National public investment systems in Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tabago

Includes bibliographyThis document synthesizes the principal characteristics of National Public Investment Systems (SNIP) in Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago as a representative picture of the situation in the entire Caribbean subregion. In preparing this document, all variables that make up the Investment Systems have been analysed following the ILPES methodological approach applied to other Latin American countries, in order to facilitate a comparative analysis and highlight the main differences, similarities and distinctive characteristics while taking into account the institutions, standards, procedures, resources and policy criteria that are unique to the countries of the Caribbean. The document begins with a review of the most notable properties that the island countries of the Caribbean must contend with from the economic policy standpoint, as a function of their small size, isolation, scarce resources, dependency on external market fluctuations and high risk for natural disasters. In the balance of advantages and disadvantages, from the perspective of SNIPs, emphasis is placed on the role that tradable and non-tradable goods play vis-à-vis diseconomies of scale and the possibilities for social cohesion and closer ties between the State and the citizenry for the purpose of identifying and executing investment projects. The analysis of SNIPs in Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago focused primarily on the development of three thematic elements: coordination and sources of financing for projects and programmes; Basic Planning Functions (evaluation, forward planning, coordination), and the programming cycle dictated by the plan-investment programming-budget programming-project relationship. The value added or net contribution made by the SNIPs is examined, either as a process for improving the quality of investment using available margins for reorienting economic and social development on the islands, or as a tool for bridging strategic planning and efficient investment and budget allocation. The document concludes with a look at the various implications of a systemic approach at the strategic (macro), programmatic (meso) and operational (micro) levels of projects and programmes, taking into account the role of the stakeholders, policies, time frames and in particular the relationships between project execution units and national budget offices as the project cycle evolves. This study drew on official publications and documents provided by the relevant agencies in each country and on Internet access to a wide variety of national and multilateral institutions. A mission to each of the countries concerned made it possible to conduct interviews and thereby to complement the array of information and validate hypotheses. The contributions and interest of numerous individuals were fundamental to making this product a reality, and the authors hope it will facilitate the debate and promote the sharing of experiences among countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, and between the four countries analysed and the rest of the subregion