Pediatric Anemia in Rural Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Risk Factors

Summary Objective: To assess anemia prevalence and identify associated parameters in children <3 years of age in a rural area of Ghana. Method: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression of cross-sectional survey results from 861 children aged <3 years attending routine immunization services in Berekum district. Results: Anemia prevalence was 73.1%; most were either mildly (31.2%) or moderately (38.7%) affected. Risk factors for anemia (hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dl) in multivariate analysis were malaria parasitemia and male sex; these factors and younger age were associated with anemia severity. A partial defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was associated with decreased severity. Height-for-age, but not weight-for-age, was associated with anemia and its severity. Conclusions: Malaria parasitemia was strongly associated with anemia and its severity, suggesting that malaria control may be the most effective way to reduce the burden of anemia in rural Ghanaian children

Chapter Six. Conclusions and future implications

6.1 Summary of Findings 6.2 Future Biomarker and Diagnostics Researchhttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1007/thumbnail.jp

Chapter Three. EED library as a basis for systematic reviews

3.1 Defining Systematic Review Question Priorities 3.2 Determining Relevance to the Systematic Review 3.3 Acquisition of References and Copyright Fair Use Compliance 3.4 Documenting Relevance to the Systematic Review 3.5 Data Extraction for the Systematic Review 3.6 EED Library: Search Results Overview 3.7 Quality Control 3.8 EED Library Statushttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1004/thumbnail.jp

Chapter Five. Systematic review results by biomarker classifications

5.1 Markers of Absorption and Permeability Overview 5.2 Markers of Absorption 5.3 Markers of Permeability 5.4 Markers of Digestion 5.5 Markers of Intestinal Inflammation and Intestinal Immune Activation 5.6 Markers of Systemic Inflammation and Systemic Immune Activation 5.7 Markers of Microbial Drivers 5.8 Markers of Nonspecific Intestinal Injury 5.9 Markers of Extra-Small Intestinal Function 5.10 Relationships Between Markers of EED, Including Histopathology 5.11 Relationships between EED Biomarkers and Growth or Other Outcomes of Interesthttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1006/thumbnail.jp

Chapter Four. Systematic review of EED biomarkers/diagnostic tests results synopsis

4.1 Biomarkers and Diagnostics Systematic Search Results 4.2 Characteristics of References Included in the Systematic Review 4.3 Classification of Biomarkers and Diagnostic Testshttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1005/thumbnail.jp

Chapter Two. Methodology: Building the EED library and undertaking a systematic review of EED biomarkers/diagnostics

2.1 EED: A Broad Field, Many Unanswered Questions 2.2 Constructing a Systematic Search Strategy Optimizing Sensitivity 2.3 Reference Volume Mitigation 2.4 Building the EED Libraryhttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1003/thumbnail.jp

References

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1009/thumbnail.jp

Chapter One. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) background

1.1 EED History and Overview 1.2 An Old Problem Requiring New Knowledge 1.3 Pathophysiologic Processes and Consequences of EED 1.4 The Role of Biomarkers and Diagnostics in EED 1.5 Scientific Basis for this Reviewhttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1002/thumbnail.jp

Appendices

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1008/thumbnail.jp

Environmental enteric dysfunction: Advancing current knowledge

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1000/thumbnail.jp