Effect of Swell on Wind Stress for Light to Moderate Winds

AbstractBuoy observations from a 1999 Gulf of Mexico field program (GOM99) are used to investigate the relationships among friction velocityu*, wind speedU, and amount of swell present. AU–u*seaparameterization is developed for the case of pure wind sea (denoted byu*sea), which is linear inUover the range of available winds (2–16 m s−1). The curve shows no sign of an inflection point near 7–8 m s−1as suggested in a 2012 paper by Andreas et al. on the basis of a transition from smooth to rough flow. When observations containing more than minimal swell energy are included, a differentU–u*equation forU< 8 m s−1is found, which would intersect the pure wind-sea curve about 7–8 m s−1. These two relationships yield a bilinear curve similar to Andreas et al. with an apparent inflection near 7–8 m s−1. The absence of the inflection in the GOM99 experiment pure wind-sea curve and the similarity of the GOM99 swell-dominated low wind speed to Andreas et al.’s low wind speed relationship suggest that the inflection may be due to the effect of swell and not a flow transition. Swell heights in the range of only 25–50 cm may be sufficient to impact stress at low wind speeds

Fixing Freud: The Oedipus Complex in Early Twenty-First Century US American Novels

Representations of Sigmund Freud in early 21st century US American novels rely on and respond to the image of Freud that emerged from investigations by Paul Roazen ( Brother Animal, 1969) and Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson ( The Assault on Truth, 1984), which cast doubt on the validity of the Oedipus complex. Relying on Roazen, Brenda Webster\u27s Vienna Triangle (2009) links Freud\u27s oedipal thinking to paranoia and male masochism. Working with Masson, Selden Edwards\u27s The Little Book (2008) takes Freud to task for abandoning the seduction theory in favor of the Oedipus complex. Jed Rubenfeld\u27s The Interpretation of Murder (2006) rethinks the Oedipus complex as a projection of adults onto their children. All three novels seek to celebrate Freud\u27s understanding of the human psyche, while shifting the focus of the oedipal structure away from the murderous and lustful child toward the adult