Hydraulic Anatomy of Guadiana Springs (I)

[ES] El Río Guadiana nacía gracias al caudal sobrante del acuífero manchego occidental, recurso que era aprovechado en sus primeros cincuenta kilómetros por dieciséis molinos hidráulicos. Este conjunto industrial perduró hasta la segunda mitad del pasado siglo, cuando distintas obras de drenaje y desecación junto al agotamiento del acuífero, provocaron un yermo panorama donde agua y vida imperaron durante siglos. El primer objetivo de esta investigación independiente, desarrollada en la sección de humedales del CREA y en la Escuela de Caminos de la UCLM, es caracterizar el sistema hidráulico original a través de geo-historiografía y trabajos de campo integrados en un sistema de información geográfica, con el objeto de simular su hidrodinámica prístina con el modelo IBER bajo condiciones de avenida. Los resultados permitirán estimar la capacidad de carga hidráulica y de laminación de avenidas de los dieciséis azudes y molinos en operación en el siglo XVI, que servirán de escenario base para analizar el impacto de las obras de drenaje venideras. Estos parámetros son esenciales en cualquier proyecto de restauración fluvial orientado a recuperar el dominio público hidráulico histórico y mitigar los potenciales efectos del cambio climático.[EN] Guadiana River used to spring thanks to the Western Mancha Aquifer surplus flow, powering a set of sixteen watermills located along fifty kilometres of its upper reach. Such industrial hub lasted until the second half of last century, when drainage and drying-up works joined to aquifer overdraft, resulted in a distressing parched and scorched land where water and life had been dominant for centuries. The first target of this independent research, developed at the wetlands section of the Regional Centre Water Research and Civil Engineering Faculty (UCLM), is to characterize this ancient hydraulic system through geo-historiography and field works integrated in a Geographic Information System, to model that pristine hydrodynamics in IBER under flooding conditions. The expected results would assess the pristine hydraulic carrying capacity and flooding events management capacity of the sixteen weirs and watermills operating by 16th century, baseline to analyse further scenarios influenced by the drainage works to come. These parameters are essential to draft any fluvial restoration project focused on recovering that Hydraulic Public Domain and to mitigate the climate change potential effects.Doncel Fuentes, P.; Florín Beltrán, M. (2020). Anatomía Hidráulica de los Ojos del Guadiana (I). Ingeniería del agua. 24(3):169-181. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2020.12387OJS169181243ACGE. (c. 1780). Mapa del Río Guadiana desde el que suponen rebrote de sus aguas llamado los Ojos del Guadiana hasta la embocadura del Río Gigüela con demostración de las madres, canales y demás obras executadas de orden de S.M. para evacuar las inundaciones. Archivo del Centro Geográfico del Ejército (ACGE), Madrid. Arm. E., T.8, C.4-238.AHN. 2015. Croquis del nacimiento del río Guadiana, y el paso por Daimiel, Ojos del Guadiana, Villarrubia de los Ojos hasta el término de Malagón (Ciudad Real). Retrieved from ES.45168.SNAHN/1.1.1.21//OSUNA,CP.10,D.24: http://pares.mcu.esAlmagro Vidal, C. 2016. Paisajes medievales en el Campo de Calatrava. Madrid: La Ergástula.Bladé, E., Cea, L., Corestein, G., Escolano, E., Puertas, J., Vázquez-Cendón, M.,... Coll, A. 2014. Iber: herramienta de simulación numérica del flujo en ríos. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 30, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rimni.2012.07.004BOE. 2018. Real Decreto 849/1986, de 11 de abril. Reglamento del Dominio Público Hidráulico.BOP Ciudad Real. (23 de 2 de 1987). Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Ciudad Real. En Declaración provisional de sobreexplotación del Acuífero 23.Campos, F.J., Sevilla, F.D. 2009. Los pueblos de Ciudad Real en las Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II. Diputación de Ciudad Real.Castro González, C.M. 1854. Apuntes sobre el río Guadiana y su nacimiento en los ojos. Revista de Obras Públicas, 4, tomo I, 106-114.CEDEX. 2012. Estudio de los impactos del cambio climático en los recursos hídricos y las masas de agua. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos. CEDEX.CEDEX. 2014. Mapa de Caudales Máximos. Memoria Técnica. Ministerio de Fomento. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino.CEGET. (1956-1957). Archivo Cartográfico y de Estudios Geográficos del Centro Geográfico del Ejército. Retrieved from USA Map Service, flight scale 1/32000: https://fototeca.cnig.es/Celis Pozuelo, A., Mediavilla López, R., Santisteban Navarro, J.I., Castaño Castaño, S. 2019. La Monarquía Hispánica y el control de los recursos hídricos: hacia ladesecación de Las Tablas de Daimiel de 1751. Hispania, vol. LXXIX, n.º 261, enero-abril, 69-98. https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.2019.003CHG. (21 de 03 de 2018). Presas de embalse de la Cuenca Alta. Obtenido de Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana: http://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/infraestructuras/infraestructuras-de-regulacionChow, V. T. 1959. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill.CIDAHM. (02 de 05 de 2018). Banco de imágenes del Centro de Interpretación y Documentación del Agua y los Humedales Manchegos. Concejalía de Medio Ambiente. Ayuntamiento de Daimiel.Dadson, T.J. 2007. Los moriscos de Villarubia de los Ojos (Siglos XV-XVIII). Historia de una minoría asimilada, expulsada y reintegrada. Iberoamericana.DGOP. 1883. Itinerarios del Río Guadiana. Dirección General Obras Públicas (DGOP). División Hidrológica Ciudad Real.Doncel Fuentes, P. 2015. Towards Sustainable Use of Groundwater Resources: Aquifer 23, La Mancha-Spain. Retrieved from KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE). Dissertation for Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Infrastructure MsC: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173875Espinosa, D.C. 2015. La imagen más antigua de los molinos hidráulicos del Guadiana a su paso por Daimiel, a través de un plano conservado en la sección nobleza del Archivo Histórico Nacional. V Congreso Internacional de Molinología, (pp. 73-80). Alcázar de San Juan (Ciudad Real).Google Earth. 2016. Imagery Novembre 2016.Gray, D. 2005. Braided river springs: distribution, benthic ecology, and role in the landscape. University of Canterbury.Gumbel, E. 1958. Statistics of extremes. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/gumb92958Hernández Pacheco, E. 1955. Fisiografía Solar Hispano. Madrid: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.ICOLD. 2011. Constitution Statuts. International Commission on Large Dams.ICOLD. (2017, 11). International Commission on Large Dams. Retrieved from Technology of dams: https://www.icold-cigb.netIGN©. 2008. Centro de descargas del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España (IGN). MTN25 Raster.Ilera, F.A. 1993. Daimiel 1752: según las respuestas generales del Catastro de Ensenada.Intedhor SL. (28 de Diciembre de 2015). Campaña topográfica sin ánimo de lucro. Muestreo de 355 puntos singulares. G-3 RTK Topcon GPS. Precisión H: 10mm+1ppm; V: 15mm+1ppm. Los Ojos del Guadiana.Jérez García, O. 2005. La función didáctica de la arquitectura rural: Los molinos de los Ojos de Guadiana y las Tablas de Daimiel. In Actas V Congreso Internacional del Molinología (pp. 645-657). Alcázar de San Juan (Ciudad Real).Madoz, P. 1850. Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-historico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar. Madrid.MDT05-LIDAR; IGN©. 2009. Centro de descargas del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España (IGN). PNOA. Modelo Digital del Terreno (MDT05-LIDAR) con densidad 0.5 ptos/m2 y precisión altimétrica <0.5 m; LEICA ALS50; hojas 759, 760 y 761.Melero Cabañas, D. 2014. Ciudad Real, Tierra de Molinos de Agua. Ciudad Real: Imprenta Provincial.MTN25 Raster; IGN©. 2008. Centro de descargas del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España (IGN). PNOA. Mapa topográfico nacional. Hojas 759, 760 y 761.PNOA; IGN©. (2006-2015). Centro de descargas del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España (IGN). Plan Nacional de Ortofotografía Aérea. hojas 759, 760 y 761.Ruiz-Bellet, J.L., Balasch, J.C., Tuset, J., Barriendos, M., Mazon, J., Pino, D. 2015. Historical, hydraulic, hydrological and meteorological reconstruction of 1874 Santa Tecla flash floods in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Hydrology, 524, 279-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.023Santos, J.F., Campo, F.J. 2009. Territorio, Agua y Sociedad. Hacia un modelo de distribución de los molinos hidráulicos en el entorno de las tablas de Daimiel. V Congreso Internacional de Molinología 2005. Alcázar de San Juan.Sepúlveda Rodríguez, C. (22 de 03 de 2016). Inspección de campo a Los Ojos del Guadiana.SIAA. 2018. Ministerio para la transición ecológica. Retrieved from Sistema de información del Anuario de Aforos. Redes de Seguimiento: https://sig.mapama.gob.es/redes-seguimiento/Urbina, D., Urquijo, C. 2017. Arqueología en los Ojos del Guadiana. Los Toriles-Casas Altas. ArqueoExperiences. Edición digital

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Latest physics results of TJ-II flexible heliac

This paper is devoted to the presentation of the most relevant recent Physics results obtained in the TJ-II flexible heliac. Firstly ECRH modulation and plasma breakdown studies are summarised; then the particle control techniques used to obtain reproducible discharges with density under control are presented. Transport studies show internal heat transport barriers that reduce heat conductivity to neoclassical values, and ELM-like transport events, similar to those observed in tokamaks and in other stellarators before and during H mode transition. Evidence of ExB sheared has been observed both in the proximity of rational surfaces. Finally, a high resolution Thomsom Scattering system has shown Te and ne profile structures

Perturbative transport experiments on TJ-II Flexible Heliac

Transport properties of TJ-II are explored performing perturbative experiments and taking advantage of TJ-II flexibility. Rotational transform can be varied in a wide range, which allows one to introduce low order rationals and to study their effect on transport. On the other hand, confinement properties can be studied at very different rotational transform values and for different values of magnetic shear: Experiments on influence of the magnetic shear on confinement are reported. In these cases a Ohmic current has been induced in TJ-II plasma to modify magnetic shear and to evaluate itsd effect on confinement, showing that negative shear improves the confinement. Heat transport is also reduced by locating a low order rational near the power deposition profile. Plasma potential profiles have been recently measured in some configurations up to the plasma core with the Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) diagnostic and the electric field values measured in low-density plasmas are consistent with neoclassical calculations near the plasma core. Plasma edge turbulent transport has been studied in configurations that are marginally stable due to decreased magnetic well. Results show a dynamical coupling between gradients and turbulent transport. Finally, cold pulse propagation has been studied showing ballistic non diffusive propagation

Confinement studies in the TJ-II stellarator

ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) heated plasmas have been studied in the low magnetic shear TJ-II stellarator (R = 1.5 m, a < 0.22 m, B = 1 T, f = 53.2 GHz, P-ECRH = 300 kW, power density = 1-25 W cm(-3)). Recent experiments have explored the flexibility of the TJ-II across a wide range of plasma volumes with different rotational transforms and rational surface densities. In this paper, the main results of this campaign are presented and, in particular, the influence of iota and rational surfaces on plasma profiles is discussed

First plasmas in the TJ-II flexible Heliac

The first experimental campaign of the TJ-II stellarator has been conducted using electron cyclotron resonance heating (f = 53.2 GHz, P-ECRH approximate to 250 kW) with a pulse length of Delta t approximate to (80-200) ms. The flexibility of the device has been used to study five different configurations varying plasma volume and rotational transform. In this paper, the main results of this campaign are presented and, in particular, the influence of plasma-wall interaction phenomena on TJ-II confinement is briefly discussed

Enhanced infection prophylaxis reduces mortality in severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults and older children initiating antiretroviral therapy in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda and Zimbabwe: the REALITY trial

Meeting abstract FRAB0101LB from 21st International AIDS Conference 18–22 July 2016, Durban, South Africa. Introduction: Mortality from infections is high in the first 6 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV‐infected adults and children with advanced disease in sub‐Saharan Africa. Whether an enhanced package of infection prophylaxis at ART initiation would reduce mortality is unknown. Methods: The REALITY 2×2×2 factorial open‐label trial (ISRCTN43622374) randomized ART‐naïve HIV‐infected adults and children >5 years with CD4 <100 cells/mm3. This randomization compared initiating ART with enhanced prophylaxis (continuous cotrimoxazole plus 12 weeks isoniazid/pyridoxine (anti‐tuberculosis) and fluconazole (anti‐cryptococcal/candida), 5 days azithromycin (anti‐bacterial/protozoal) and single‐dose albendazole (anti‐helminth)), versus standard‐of‐care cotrimoxazole. Isoniazid/pyridoxine/cotrimoxazole was formulated as a scored fixed‐dose combination. Two other randomizations investigated 12‐week adjunctive raltegravir or supplementary food. The primary endpoint was 24‐week mortality. Results: 1805 eligible adults (n = 1733; 96.0%) and children/adolescents (n = 72; 4.0%) (median 36 years; 53.2% male) were randomized to enhanced (n = 906) or standard prophylaxis (n = 899) and followed for 48 weeks (3.8% loss‐to‐follow‐up). Median baseline CD4 was 36 cells/mm3 (IQR: 16–62) but 47.3% were WHO Stage 1/2. 80 (8.9%) enhanced versus 108(12.2%) standard prophylaxis died before 24 weeks (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54–0.97) p = 0.03; Figure 1) and 98(11.0%) versus 127(14.4%) respectively died before 48 weeks (aHR = 0.75 (0.58–0.98) p = 0.04), with no evidence of interaction with the two other randomizations (p > 0.8). Enhanced prophylaxis significantly reduced incidence of tuberculosis (p = 0.02), cryptococcal disease (p = 0.01), oral/oesophageal candidiasis (p = 0.02), deaths of unknown cause (p = 0.02) and (marginally) hospitalisations (p = 0.06) but not presumed severe bacterial infections (p = 0.38). Serious and grade 4 adverse events were marginally less common with enhanced prophylaxis (p = 0.06). CD4 increases and VL suppression were similar between groups (p > 0.2). Conclusions: Enhanced infection prophylaxis at ART initiation reduces early mortality by 25% among HIV‐infected adults and children with advanced disease. The pill burden did not adversely affect VL suppression. Policy makers should consider adopting and implementing this low‐cost broad infection prevention package which could save 3.3 lives for every 100 individuals treated

Kuluttajabarometri maakunnittain 2000, 2. neljännes

Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT

Use of failure-to-rescue to identify international variation in postoperative care in low-, middle- and high-income countries: a 7-day cohort study of elective surgery

This was an investigator-initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by R.P. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally