In hospital care for diabetic foot: a comparison between the estimated cost and the SUS reimbursement

This study aimed to analyze costs for treating patients with diabetic foot cared by the public Brazilian Health System (SUS), comparing the estimated cost with the amount of SUS reimbursement. A cohort prospective study carried out in hospitals that provide services for the Unified Health System in Sergipe, involving 109 hospitalization episodes of patients with diabetes and foot ulcers. We follow these patients day by day and estimated the hospital direct cost and the SUS reimbursement. All patients had type 2 diabetes and the majority of ulcers (64,2%) were classified as Wagner 4 or 5. Forty-three (39,4%) healed without amputation and fifty-two (47,7%) healed with amputation. Fourteen (12,8%) patients died. Hospital direct cost ranged from R$943.72 to R$ 16,378.85; with an average of R$4,461.04. The SUS reimbursement varied from R$ 96.95 to R$2,410.18, with an average of R$ 633.97, usually seven times low. Smaller difference between costs occurred in patients from the Beneficent hospital and higher rates occurred in those treated with minor amputation.Foram seguidas 109 internações de pacientes com diabetes e ulcerações nos pés na rede do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Sergipe, com o objetivo de estimar o custo direto hospitalar e comparar com os valores do desembolso do SUS. Os dados foram coletados desde a admissão até a alta ou o óbito dos casos incluídos, sendo anotadas as características clínicas dos pacientes e os desfechos das internações. Foram calculados o custo direto estimado e o desembolso do SUS. Todos eram portadores de diabetes tipo 2 e a maioria das ulcerações (64,2%) foram classificadas como Wagner 4 ou 5. Evoluíram com alta sem amputação 43 pacientes (39,4%) e 52 (47,7%) com alta após amputação. Evoluíram para óbito 14 pacientes (12,8%). O custo estimado variou de R$943,72 a R$ 16.378,85, com média de R$4.461,04. O valor do desembolso do SUS variou de R$ 96,95 a R$2.410,18, com média de R$ 633,97, cerca de sete vezes inferior. As menores defasagens entre os custos ocorreram nos pacientes assistidos no Hospital Beneficente e as maiores naqueles tratados com amputações menores.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Centro Paulista de Economia da SaúdeUNIFESPSciEL

Brazilian Diabetes Society consensus statement: intensive insulin therapy and insulin pump therapy

This article reports the Brazilian Diabetes Society consensus statement on intensive insulin therapy and insulin pump therapy, arrived at during an update symposium held in 2003 for this specific purpose. The concepts underlying these modalities of diabetes treatment are outlined, their fundaments are given, and practical issues about their indications, feasibility, limits, techniques and cost-benefit relationships are analyzed. The techniques comprise the suggested self-monitoring schedules and the insulin doses, types, forms of administration and correction factors used in each modality of intensive treatment, for both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The roles of SBD in the implementation of these treatments and of the different professionals involved are discussed and commented. The conclusions are based on consensual answers to some orienting questions formulated during the symposium's presentation.Este artigo relata a posição de consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes sobre a insulinoterapia intensiva e a terapêutica com bombas de infusão de insulina, obtida durante simpósio de atualização realizado especificamente para esta finalidade, em 2003. Estas modalidades de tratamento do diabetes são aqui conceituadas, seus fundamentos são colocados, e os aspectos práticos de indicações, exeqüibilidade, limites, técnicas e relação custo-benefício são analisados. As técnicas envolvem os esquemas de auto-monitorização glicêmica sugeridos e as doses, tipos, formas de administração da insulina e fatores de cálculo utilizados em cada modalidade de tratamento intensivo, tanto no DM1 quanto no DM2. O papel da SBD na implementação dos tratamentos intensivos do diabetes e a atuação dos vários profissionais envolvidos são discutidos e comentados. Conclui-se com as respostas de consenso a questões orientadoras do tema, formuladas na apresentação do simpósio.Sociedade Brasileira de DiabetesUniversidade de São PauloHospital Geral de GoiâniaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade Federal do ParanáUniversidade Federal de PernambucoUNIFESPSciEL

Algorithm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a position statement of Brazilian Diabetes Society

The Brazilian Diabetes Society is starting an innovative project of quantitative assessment of medical arguments of and implementing a new way of elaborating SBD Position Statements. The final aim of this particular project is to propose a new Brazilian algorithm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, based on the opinions of endocrinologists surveyed from a poll conducted on the Brazilian Diabetes Society website regarding the latest algorithm proposed by American Diabetes Association /European Association for the Study of Diabetes, published in January 2009

Perfil das pessoas com diabetes que utilizaram a telefarmácia na pandemia de covid-19: resultados da DIABETESvid

O objetivo foi analisar o perfil das pessoas com diabetes que utilizaram a telefarmácia na pandemia de covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da websurvey DIABETESvid que ocorreu nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2020. Verificou-se que 45 participantes recorreram à telefarmácia, sendo que 55,6% eram do sexo masculino, 42,2% tinham idade compreendida entre 18 e 34 anos e 46,7% estudaram 12 ou mais anos. Além disso, 48,9% autorreferiram diabetes mellitus tipo 1. A maioria usava insulina (55,6%) e obteve os medicamentos para o diabetes em farmácias do sistema público de saúde (60%). Ademais, as pessoas que tiveram o diagnóstico de covid-19 buscaram mais pela telefarmácia (RP=2,20; IC95% 1,23–3,94). Sabe-se que os medicamentos são essenciais para o tratamento do diabetes. Logo, no período estudado em que se preconizava o distanciamento físico, os participantes apropriaram-se da telefarmácia a fim de obter a integralidade do cuidado

Influence Of Gastric Emptying On The Control Of Postprandial Glycemia: Physiology And Therapeutic Implications.

The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is complex and involves, besides the secretion and action of insulin and glucagon, a hormonal and neural mechanism, regulating the rate of gastric emptying. This mechanism depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion regulates the speed of gastric emptying, contributing to the control of postprandial glycemia. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of various agents of this class can explain the effects more relevant in fasting or postprandial glucose, and can thus guide the individualized treatment, according to the clinical and pathophysiological features of each patient.12251-

Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring with FreeStyle Libre® in Brazilian insulin-treated patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background Hypoglycemia is a barrier to optimal glucose control in the treatment of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Blood glucose monitoring is essential in diabetes management. Inappropriate glucose management is associated with high mortality and morbidity. FreeStyle Libre® (FSL) is a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system that provides effective, safe, and convenient glucose monitoring, without routine finger pricking. This study aims to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the FSL system in comparison to conventional Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in T1DM and T2DM patients that require intensive insulin therapy. Methods A decision-tree model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness ratio between FSL and conventional SMBG from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System (SUS). The model captures the cumulative rates of acute complications such as severe hypoglicemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, per-event costs, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained over a 1-year time horizon in adult and pediatric patients (≥ 4 years old) with T1DM or T2DM. Inputs from the Brazilian health databases, clinical trials, and real-world data were used in the study. Results The results demonstrated that, regarding solely severe hypoglicemia and diabetic ketoacidosis events, T1DM have a QALY difference of 0.276, a cost difference of R$7.255, and an ICER of R$ 26,267.69 per QALY gained for CGM with FSL, when compared to conventional SMBG. T2DM results demonstrated equally a QALY difference of 0.184, a cost difference of R$7290, and an ICER of R$ 39,692.67 per QALY gained, in favour of CGM with FSL. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that FSL is cost-effective in T1DM and T2DM for acute diabetic complications, from a SUS perspective. CGM with FSL can promote safe, convenient, and cost-effective glucose monitoring, therefore contributing to the improvement of the incidence of complications and quality of life

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: from evidence to clinical practice – position statement 2014 of Brazilian Diabetes Society

Abstract There is a very well known correlation between diabetes and cardiovascular disease but many health care professionals are just concerned with glycemic control, ignoring the paramount importance of controlling other risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of serious cardiovascular diseases. This Position Statement from the Brazilian Diabetes Society was developed to promote increased awareness in relation to six crucial topics dealing with diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Glicemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Screening Coronary Artery Disease, Treatment of Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Antiplatelet Therapy and Myocardial Revascularization. The issue of what would be the best algorithm for the use of statins in diabetic patients received a special attention and a new Brazilian algorithm was developed by our editorial committee. This document contains 38 recommendations which were classified by their levels of evidence (A, B, C and D). The Editorial Committee included 22 specialists with recognized expertise in diabetes and cardiology