Італійсько-радянська нафтова угода 1960 р. у контексті європейської енергетичної безпеки

On October 11, 1960, an agreement was made between the Italian state energy company Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) and the Soviet “Soyuznefteexport” for the export to Italy of a batch of oil worth 100 million US dollars in exchange for large-diameter pipes, machinery, tires, and technical assistance. This agreement, despite its purely economic nature, significantly influenced the international political situation of its time. Firstly, this agreement demonstrated a dangerous trend towards establishing economic cooperation between the countries of the European Economic Community and the USSR, despite belonging to opposing camps of the Cold War. Shortly after its signing, the European Economic Community was forced to review its policy in the energy sector and for the first time introduce the concept of “energy security” into official documents. Secondly, the agreement between ENI and “Soyuznefteexport”, in which the price of oil was lower than the global average, served as a pretext for NATO to declare the existence of the Soviet plan “Soviet Oil Offensive”. According to reports of the time, the USSR planned to export large volumes to Western European countries in exchange for a change in their political position to a more neutral one. As a result of the research conducted, the NATO Economic Committee and the US Congress limited themselves to issuing recommendations on continuing to study the USSR’s plans to expand trade with Western European countries and to establish quotas on the import of Soviet oil. Thirdly, an indirect consequence of signing this agreement was the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which feared a dumping of oil prices due to the emergence of a new competitor. In 1960, the founding of this organization went unnoticed, but in the future, it significantly influenced the development of the history of the last third of the 20th century. Thus, studying the circumstances of the signing of the Italian-Soviet oil agreement of 1960 allows us to trace the formation of the problem of European energy security, which poses a serious problem for the countries of the European nowadays.11 жовтня 1960 р. між італійською державною енергетичною компанією Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ЕНІ) та радянським «Союзнафтоекспортом» було укладено угоду про експорт до Італії партії нафти на 100 млн. дол. США в обмін на труби великого діаметру, машинне устаткування, шини та технічну допомогу. Ця угода, незважаючи на свій суто економічний характер, суттєво вплинула на міжнародну політичну обстановку свого часу. По-перше, ця угода продемонструвала небезпечну тенденцію до встановлення економічної співпраці між країнами Європейської економічної спільноти та СРСР, незважаючи на приналежність до ворогуючих таборів «холодної війни». Невдовзі після її підписання Європейська економічна спільнота була змушена переглянути свою політику в енергетичній сфері та вперше ввести поняття «енергетична безпека» до офіційних документів. По-друге, угода між ЕНІ та «Союзнафтоекспортом», в якій ціна нафти була нижче за загальносвітову, слугувала приводом для НАТО заявити про існування радянського плану Soviet Oil Offensive. Згідно тогочасних звітів, СРСР планував експортувати величезні обсяги до країн Західної Європи в обмін на зміну їх політичної позиції на більш нейтральну. В результаті проведених досліджень Економічний комітет НАТО та Конгрес США обмежились виданням рекомендацій щодо продовження вивчення планів СРСР з розширення торгівлі із країнами Західної Європи та встановлення лімітів на імпорт радянської нафти. По-третє, непрямим наслідком підписання цієї угоди стало утворення Організації країн-експортерів нафти, яка побоювалася демпінгу ціни на нафту через появу нового конкурента. В 1960 р. заснування цієї організації лишилося непоміченим, однак в подальшому вона значно вплинула на розвиток історії останньої третини XX ст. Таким чином, дослідження обставин підписання італійсько-радянської нафтової угоди 1960 р. дозволяє простежити формування проблеми європейської енергетичної безпеки, яка є актуальною для країн Європейського Союзу і в наш час

The Single State Dominance Hypothesis and the Two-Neutrino Double Beta Decay of Mo100

The hypothesis of the single state dominance (SSD) in the calculation of the two-neutrino double beta decay of Mo100 is tested by exact consideration of the energy denominators of the perturbation theory. Both transitions to the ground state as well as to the 0+ and 2+ excited states of the final nucleus Ru100 are considered. We demonstrate, that by experimental investigation of the single electron energy distribution and the angular correlation of the outgoing electrons, the SSD hypothesis can be confirmed or ruled out by a precise two-neutrino double beta decay measurement (e.g. by NEMO III collaboration).Comment: 13 pages, RevTex, 1 figur

EVALUATION OF CONDITIONS CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM. INVESTIGATION INTO THE BASIN OF THE PARSĘTA RIVER

DOI: 10.2478/v10089-008-0021-7 Available on-line at: http://www.bulletinofgeography.umk.pl http://versita.com/bgssThe article presents the results of multidimensional evaluation of conditions concerning the development of tourism in rural areas of Parsęta basin. For the purpose the synthetic measure has been applied in reference to 27 variables divided into two groups: suitable for tourism or investing. Having conducted the analysis of the selected variables, the investigated area was divided into three regions: the seaside at the North with very good conditions for the development of the touristic function as its core function, the central region, highly diversified with only moderate touristic capabilities, and finally the southern region, the lake district, with adequate features for the development of tourism

The role of left hemispheric structures for emotional processing as a monitor of bodily reaction and felt chill: A case-control functional imaging study

Background: The particular function of the left anterior human insula on emotional arousal has been illustrated with several case studies. Only after left hemispheric insula lesions, patients lose their pleasure in habits such as listening to joyful music. In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (fMRI) activation in the left anterior insula has been associated with both processing of emotional valence and arousal. Tight interactions with different areas of the prefrontal cortex are involved in bodily response monitoring and cognitive appraisal of a given stimulus. Therefore, a large left hemispheric lesion including the left insula should impair the bodily response of chill experience (objective chill response) but leave the cognitive aspects of chill processing (subjective chill response) unaffected. Methods: We investigated a patient (MC) with a complete left hemispheric media cerebral artery stroke, testing fMRI representation of pleasant (music) and unpleasant (harsh sounds) chill response. Results: Although chill response to both pleasant and unpleasant rated sounds was confirmed verbally at passages also rated as chilling by healthy participants, skin conductance response was almost absent in MC. For a healthy control (HC) objective and subjective chill response was positively associated. Bilateral prefrontal fMRI-response to chill stimuli was sustained in MC whereas insula activation restricted to the right hemisphere. Diffusion imaging together with lesion maps revealed that left lateral tracts were completely damaged but medial prefrontal structures were intact. Conclusion: With this case study we demonstrate how bodily response and cognitive appraisal are differentially participating in the internal monitor of chill response

Topographical expression of class IA and class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase enzymes in normal human tissues is consistent with a role in differentiation

BACKGROUND: Growth factor, cytokine and chemokine-induced activation of PI3K enzymes constitutes the start of a complex signalling cascade, which ultimately mediates cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking, and glucose homeostasis. The PI3K enzyme family is divided into 3 classes; class I (subdivided into IA and IB), class II (PI3K-C2α, PI3K-C2β and PI3K-C2γ) and class III PI3K. Expression of these enzymes in human tissue has not been clearly defined. METHODS: In this study, we analysed the immunohistochemical topographical expression profile of class IA (anti-p85 adaptor) and class II PI3K (PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β) enzymes in 104 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded normal adult human (age 33–71 years, median 44 years) tissue specimens including those from the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, hepatobiliary, endocrine, integument and lymphoid systems. Antibody specificity was verified by Western blotting of cell lysates and peptide blocking studies. Immunohistochemistry intensity was scored from undetectable to strong. RESULTS: PI3K enzymes were expressed in selected cell populations of epithelial or mesenchymal origin. Columnar epithelium and transitional epithelia were reactive but mucous secreting and stratified squamous epithelia were not. Mesenchymal elements (smooth muscle and endothelial cells) and glomerular epithelium were only expressed PI3K-C2α while ganglion cells expressed p85 and PI3K-C2β. All three enzymes were detected in macrophages, which served as an internal positive control. None of the three PI3K isozymes was detected in the stem cell/progenitor compartments or in B lymphocyte aggregates. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that PI3K enzyme distribution is not ubiquitous but expressed selectively in fully differentiated, non-proliferating cells. Identification of the normal in vivo expression pattern of class IA and class II PI3K paves the way for further analyses which will clarify the role played by these enzymes in inflammatory, neoplastic and other human disease conditions

Nuclear muon-positron conversion mediated by Majorana neutrinos

We study lepton number violating (LNV) process of muon-positron conversion in nuclei mediated by the exchange of light and heavy Majorana neutrinos. Nuclear structure calculations have been carried out for the case of experimentally interesting nucleus 48Ti in the framework of renormalized proton-neutron Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation. We demonstrate that the imaginary part of the amplitude of light Majorana neutrino exchange mechanism gives an appreciable contribution to the muon-positron conversion rate. This specific feature is absent in the allied case of neutrinoless double beta decay. Using the present neutrino oscillations, tritium beta decay, accelerator and cosmological data we derived the limits on the effective masses of light _{\mu e} and heavy _{\mu e} neutrinos. The expected rates of muon-positron nuclear conversion, corresponding to these limits, were found to be so small that even within a distant future the muon-positron conversion experiments will hardly be able to detect the neutrino signal. Therefore, searches for this LNV process can only rely on the presence of certain physics beyond the trivial extension of the Standard Model by inclusion of massive Majorana neutrinos.Comment: 28 pages, 3 figures. Added comments, references and one figure. Typos in eqs. (18), (19) correcte

Selective mGluR1 Antagonist EMQMCM Inhibits the Kainate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Primary Neuronal Cultures and in the Rat Hippocampus

Abundant evidence suggests that indirect inhibitory modulation of glutamatergic transmission, via metabotropic glutamatergic receptors (mGluR), may induce neuroprotection. The present study was designed to determine whether the selective antagonist of mGluR1 (3-ethyl-2-methyl-quinolin-6-yl)-(4-methoxy-cyclohexyl)-methanone methanesulfonate (EMQMCM), showed neuroprotection against the kainate (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro studies on mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures, incubation with KA (150 μM) induced strong degeneration [measured as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux] and apoptosis (measured as caspase-3 activity). EMQMCM (0.1–100 μM) added 30 min to 6 h after KA, significantly attenuated the KA-induced LDH release and prevented the increase in caspase-3 activity in the cultures. Those effects were dose- and time-dependent. In in vivo studies KA (2.5 nmol/1 μl) was unilaterally injected into the rat dorsal CA1 hippocampal region. Degeneration was calculated by counting surviving neurons in the CA pyramidal layer using stereological methods. It was found that EMQMCM (5–10 nmol/1 μl) injected into the dorsal hippocampus 30 min, 1 h, or 3 h (the higher dose only) after KA significantly prevented the KA-induced neuronal degeneration. In vivo microdialysis studies in rat hippocampus showed that EMQMCM (100 μM) significantly increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and decreased glutamate release. When perfused simultaneously with KA, EMQMCM substantially increased GABA release and prevented the KA-induced glutamate release. The obtained results indicate that the mGluR1 antagonist, EMQMCM, may exert neuroprotection against excitotoxicity after delayed treatment (30 min to 6 h). The role of enhanced GABAergic transmission in the neuroprotection is postulated

Measurement of double beta decay of 100Mo to excited states in the NEMO 3 experiment

The double beta decay of 100Mo to the 0^+_1 and 2^+_1 excited states of 100Ru is studied using the NEMO 3 data. After the analysis of 8024 h of data the half-life for the two-neutrino double beta decay of 100Mo to the excited 0^+_1 state is measured to be T^(2nu)_1/2 = [5.7^{+1.3}_{-0.9}(stat)+/-0.8(syst)]x 10^20 y. The signal-to-background ratio is equal to 3. Information about energy and angular distributions of emitted electrons is also obtained. No evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay to the excited 0^+_1 state has been found. The corresponding half-life limit is T^(0nu)_1/2(0^+ --> 0^+_1) > 8.9 x 10^22 y (at 90% C.L.). The search for the double beta decay to the 2^+_1 excited state has allowed the determination of limits on the half-life for the two neutrino mode T^(2nu)_1/2(0^+ --> 2^+_1) > 1.1 x 10^21 y (at 90% C.L.) and for the neutrinoless mode T^(0nu)_1/2(0^+ --> 2^+_1) > 1.6 x 10^23 y (at 90% C.L.).Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, submitted to Nucl. Phy

Regulation of Neuron Survival through an Intersectin-Phosphoinositide 3'-Kinase C2 -AKT Pathway

While endocytosis attenuates signals from plasma membrane receptors, recent studies suggest that endocytosis also serves as a platform for the compartmentalized activation of cellular signaling pathways. Intersectin (ITSN) is a multidomain scaffolding protein that regulates endocytosis and has the potential to regulate various biochemical pathways through its multiple, modular domains. To address the biological importance of ITSN in regulating cellular signaling pathways versus in endocytosis, we have stably silenced ITSN expression in neuronal cells by using short hairpin RNAs. Decreasing ITSN expression dramatically increased apoptosis in both neuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurons. Surprisingly, the loss of ITSN did not lead to major defects in the endocytic pathway. Yeast two-hybrid analysis identified class II phosphoinositide 3′-kinase C2β (PI3K-C2β) as an ITSN binding protein, suggesting that ITSN may regulate a PI3K-C2β-AKT survival pathway. ITSN associated with PI3K-C2β on a subset of endomembrane vesicles and enhanced both basal and growth factor-stimulated PI3K-C2β activity, resulting in AKT activation. The use of pharmacological inhibitors, dominant negatives, and rescue experiments revealed that PI3K-C2β and AKT were epistatic to ITSN. This study represents the first demonstration that ITSN, independent of its role in endocytosis, regulates a critical cellular signaling pathway necessary for cell survival

Connecting Biology and Mathematics: First Prepare the Teachers

Developing the connection between biology and mathematics is one of the most important ways to shift the paradigms of both established science disciplines. However, adding some mathematic content to biology or biology content to mathematics is not enough but must be accompanied by development of suitable pedagogical models. I propose a model of pedagogical mathematical biological content knowledge as a feasible starting point for connecting biology and mathematics in schools and universities. The process of connecting these disciplines should start as early as possible in the educational process, in order to produce prepared minds that will be able to combine both disciplines at graduate and postgraduate levels of study. Because teachers are a crucial factor in introducing innovations in education, the first step toward such a goal should be the education of prospective and practicing elementary and secondary school teachers