32 research outputs found
Scarring in open chaotic systems: The local density of states
Chaotic Hamiltonians are known to follow Random Matrix Theory (RMT) ensembles
in the apparent randomness of their spectra and wavefunction statistics.
Deviations form RMT also do occur, however, due to system-specific properties,
or as quantum signatures of classical chaos. Scarring, for instance, is the
enhancement of wavefunction intensity near classical periodic orbits, and it
can be characterized by a local density of states (or local spectrum) that
clearly deviates from RMT expectations, by exhibiting a peaked envelope, which
has been described semiclassically. Here, the system is connected to an
opening, the local density of states is introduced for the resulting
non-Hermitian chaotic Hamiltonian, and estimated a priori in terms of the
Green's function of the closed system and the open channels. The predictions
obtained are tested on quantum maps coupled both to a single-channel opening
and to a Fresnel-type continuous opening. The main outcome is that strong
coupling to the opening gradually suppresses the energy dependence of the local
density of states due to scarring, and restores RMT behavior.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
Neighborhoods of periodic orbits and the stationary distribution of a noisy chaotic system
The finest state space resolution that can be achieved in a physical
dynamical system is limited by the presence of noise. In the weak-noise
approximation the neighborhoods of deterministic periodic orbits can be
computed as distributions stationary under the action of a local Fokker-Planck
operator and its adjoint. We derive explicit formulae for widths of these
distributions in the case of chaotic dynamics, when the periodic orbits are
hyperbolic. The resulting neighborhoods form a basis for functions on the
attractor. The global stationary distribution, needed for calculation of
long-time expectation values of observables, can be expressed in this basis.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Knowing when to stop: how noise frees us from determinism
Deterministic chaotic dynamics presumes that the state space can be
partitioned arbitrarily finely. In a physical system, the inevitable presence
of some noise sets a finite limit to the finest possible resolution that can be
attained. Much previous research deals with what this attainable resolution
might be, all of it based on global averages over a stochastic flow. We show
how to compute the locally optimal partition, for a given dynamical system and
given noise, in terms of local eigenfunctions of the Fokker-Planck operator and
its adjoint. We first analyze the interplay of the deterministic dynamics with
the noise in the neighborhood of a periodic orbit of a map, by using a
discretized version of Fokker-Planck formalism. Then we propose a method to
determine the 'optimal resolution' of the state space, based on solving
Fokker-Planck's equation locally, on sets of unstable periodic orbits of the
deterministic system. We test our hypothesis on unimodal maps.Comment: 45 pages, 11 figure
Escape-rate response to noise of all amplitudes in leaky chaos
We study the effect of homogeneous noise on the escape rate of strongly
chaotic area-preserving maps with a small opening. While in the noiseless
dynamics the escape rate analytically depends on the instability of the
shortest periodic orbit inside the hole, adding noise overall enhances escape,
which, however, exhibits a non-trivial response to the noise amplitude,
featuring an initial plateau and a successive rapid growth up to a saturation
value. Numerical analysis is performed on cat maps with a hole, and the salient
traits of the response to noise of the escape rate are reproduced analytically
by an approximate model.Comment: 25 pages, 20 figure
Statistics of Chaotic Resonances in an Optical Microcavity
Distributions of eigenmodes are widely concerned in both bounded and open
systems. In the realm of chaos, counting resonances can characterize the
underlying dynamics (regular vs. chaotic), and is often instrumental to
identify classical-to-quantum correspondence. Here, we study, both
theoretically and experimentally, the statistics of chaotic resonances in an
optical microcavity with a mixed phase space of both regular and chaotic
dynamics. Information on the number of chaotic modes is extracted by counting
regular modes, which couple to the former via dynamical tunneling. The
experimental data are in agreement with a known semiclassical prediction for
the dependence of the number of chaotic resonances on the number of open
channels, while they deviate significantly from a purely
random-matrix-theory-based treatment, in general. We ascribe this result to the
ballistic decay of the rays, which occurs within Ehrenfest time, and
importantly, within the timescale of transient chaos. The present approach may
provide a general tool for the statistical analysis of chaotic resonances in
open systems.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, and a supplemental informatio
Substernal oxyphil parathyroid adenoma producing PTHrP with hypercalcemia and normal PTH level
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative serum calcium and intact-parathyroid hormone levels are the most useful diagnostic parameters that allow differentiating primary hyperparathyroidism from non-parathyroid-dependent hypercalcemia. Parathyroidectomy is the definitive treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. Approximately 5% of patients who underwent parathyroidectomy present with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism due to ectopic localization of the adenoma. Functioning oxyphil parathyroid adenoma is an uncommon histological form, seldom causing primary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid adenoma with hypercalcemia exhibiting normal parathyroid hormone level is rare. An incidence of 5% to 33% has been documented in the literature; no etiologic explanation has been given. In 1987, parathyroid-hormone-related peptide was isolated as a causative factor of humeral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The presence of parathyroid-hormone-related peptide in parathyroid tissue under normal and pathological conditions has been described in the literature; however, its role in causing hyperparathyroidism has not yet been defined.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We present a case of persistent hypercalcemia with a normal level of intact-parathyroid hormone due to a substernal parathyroid adenoma, treated with radioguided parathyroidectomy. The final histological diagnosis was oxyphil adenoma, positive for parathyroid-hormone-related peptide antigens.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In clinical practice, this atypical biochemical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. The parathyroid-hormone-related peptide should be considered not only in the presence of malignancy.</p