Sex-biased parental care and sexual size dimorphism in a provisioning arthropod

The diverse selection pressures driving the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) have long been debated. While the balance between fecundity selection and sexual selection has received much attention, explanations based on sex-specific ecology have proven harder to test. In ectotherms, females are typically larger than males, and this is frequently thought to be because size constrains female fecundity more than it constrains male mating success. However, SSD could additionally reflect maternal care strategies. Under this hypothesis, females are relatively larger where reproduction requires greater maximum maternal effort – for example where mothers transport heavy provisions to nests. To test this hypothesis we focussed on digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Ammophilini), a relatively homogeneous group in which only females provision offspring. In some species, a single large prey item, up to 10 times the mother’s weight, must be carried to each burrow on foot; other species provide many small prey, each flown individually to the nest. We found more pronounced female-biased SSD in species where females carry single, heavy prey. More generally, SSD was negatively correlated with numbers of prey provided per offspring. Females provisioning multiple small items had longer wings and thoraxes, probably because smaller prey are carried in flight. Despite much theorising, few empirical studies have tested how sex-biased parental care can affect SSD. Our study reveals that such costs can be associated with the evolution of dimorphism, and this should be investigated in other clades where parental care costs differ between sexes and species

Artificial intelligence extension of the OSCAR-IB criteria

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic algorithms have achieved ambitious aims through automated image pattern recognition. For neurological disorders, this includes neurodegeneration and inflammation. Scalable imaging technology for big data in neurology is optical coherence tomography (OCT). We highlight that OCT changes observed in the retina, as a window to the brain, are small, requiring rigorous quality control pipelines. There are existing tools for this purpose. Firstly, there are human-led validated consensus quality control criteria (OSCAR-IB) for OCT. Secondly, these criteria are embedded into OCT reporting guidelines (APOSTEL). The use of the described annotation of failed OCT scans advances machine learning. This is illustrated through the present review of the advantages and disadvantages of AI-based applications to OCT data. The neurological conditions reviewed here for the use of big data include Alzheimer disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson disease, and epilepsy. It is noted that while big data is relevant for AI, ownership is complex. For this reason, we also reached out to involve representatives from patient organizations and the public domain in addition to clinical and research centers. The evidence reviewed can be grouped in a five-point expansion of the OSCAR-IB criteria to embrace AI (OSCAR-AI). The review concludes by specific recommendations on how this can be achieved practically and in compliance with existing guidelines

Oxybelus uniglumis

Oxybelus uniglumis (LINNAEUS 1758) (305, 367) B u l g a r i a 1, Sofia 30 km W, 12.VIII.1993, leg. M. Halada; 1, Neseber, 29.VI.1982, leg. Kocourec; 1, Varna-Vladislavavo, 13.VII.1979, leg. Tkalcu. E s t o n i a:2, Tallin, 15.VIII.1982, leg. Biza; 1, Tallin, 1.-10.VII.1982, leg. Biza. F i n l a n d 28, 11, Hirvensalmi, VII.1968, leg. Ranin; 4, Helsinki, 15. VI.1968, leg. Ranin; 4, Kitee, VI.1963, leg. Ranin; 1, Helsinki, 2.VII.1963, leg. Ranin; 1, Helsinki, Villiaki, 19.VII.1982, leg. Ranin. F r a n c e:3, Roanne a.d. Loire, VIII1967, leg.? H u n g a r y:1, Örkeny, pisky, 13.-17.VII.1981, leg. Padr. I t a l y:2, Südtirol, Vinschgau, Schluderns, 1000m, 30.VII.1992, leg. Tiefenthaler. K a z a k h s t a n 13, Alma-Ata, 1. VI.1994, leg. Ma. Halada; 3, 10 km E Ddjambul, 31. V.1994, leg. Ma. Halada; 2, Dzambul env., (60 km), Makbal, Kirgis. chrebet, 4. VI.1980, leg. Padr; 2, Atyraysk area, Sagiz vall., VI.2000, leg. Pag; 1, Alma-Ata, Medeo, 27. VI.1995, leg. J. Halada; 1, SE Tchilik env., 20. VI.1992, leg. J. Halada. K y r g y z s t a n 1, Kirghizky Mts., Ala-Archa riv. vall., Kaskha-Suu, 1650m, VII.2000, leg. Gurko; 1, 20 km W Czolpon-Ata, 48.8°N 77.4°E, (Issik-Khul), 22. V.1994, leg. Deneš jun.; 3, Frunze 50 km jiz Alla Arca, 7.VII.1981, leg. Kocourek; 1, Bichkek, 3. V.1994, leg. J. Halada. M o n g o l i a:15, 2, Övörkhangay, 137 km NE Aryakheer, 47°20’N 103°40.5’E, 1250m, 2.VII.2004, leg. J. Halada & Kadlecova; 2, Bayankhongor, 86 km NW Bayankhongor, 46°50’N 100°04’E, 2070m, 14.VII.2004, leg. J. Halada; 3, Övörkhangay, 12 km SW Arvaykheer, 46°22’N 102°49’E, 1770m, 3.VII.2004, leg. Kadlecova & J. Halada; 2, 100 km NE Tsetserleg Ogiu lake, 29.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 1, Arkhangay, 100 km NW Tsetserleg, 47°48.5’N 100°19’E, 1940m, 18.VII.2004, leg. J. Halada; 4, 90 km NE Tsetserleg, 45°03’N 102°25’E, 1400m, 27.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 3, Khangayn Mts., 5 km N Khunt, 21.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 1, 3, Khangayn Mts., 5 km N Khunt, 20.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 1, 1, Mongol Els n.res., 47°24’N 103°39’E, dunes, 1320m, 31.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 2, Chuluut Gol (riv.), 47°48’N 100°19’E, 1940m, 23.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 4, 40 km SW Uliastay dunes, 18.VII.2005, leg. Kadlecova & J. Halada; 1, Bayankhongor, 56 km NW Bayankhongor, 46°33’N 100°12’E, 2200m, 12.VII.2004, leg. J. Halada. P o l a n d:1, Sopoty, 23.VII.1970, leg. Strejckova. R o m a n i a 1, Brasov Sacelk, 650m, 16.VIII.1994, leg. Szekkly; 1, Brasov Mt. Piatra, 31.VII.1994, leg. Szekkly. S l o v e n i a: 1, 5 km E Koper, 10.VII.1999, leg. J. Halada. S p a i n:12, 7, Andalucia, Sierra Pozo, 1800m, Puento Liano, 12.VI.2003, leg. Kafka; 1, Andalucia, Sierra Cazoria, 1300m, Nacimien Quadalguivir, 13.VI.2003, leg. Kafka; 2, 2, Andalucia, Sierra Pozo, 1450m, Mnt. Palomas, 11.VI.2003, leg. Kafka. T a j i k i s t a n:1, W Pamir Mts., 30 km N Rushan, 3500 m (!), VII.2000, leg. Gurko. T u r k e y:2, Kuyucak Adiyaman, 8.VI.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, Güzelsu env., 40 km SW Van, 2000m, 7.VI.2001, leg. Deneš sen.; 1, 10 km W Urgup, 15.VI.1998, leg. Ma. Halada. U k r a i n e 1, Feltava, 13.VII.1985, leg. J. & M. Halada; 1, 8, Crimea, Simpheropol, Anatra, VII.2000, leg. Gurko; 1, Crimea, Simpheropol, 8. VIII.1999, leg. Gurko; 1, Crimea, Jalta, 10.VII.1998, leg. Gurko; 1, 2, Eupatoria, 14.VII.1999, leg. Gurko; 22, 45, Simferopol, 1998-1999, leg. Gurko. U. S. A. (WA): 3, 5, Benton Co, Prosser WSU area, VI.1996, leg. Stary; 1, 2, Prosser, V.- VI.1994, leg. Stary. U z b e k i s t a n:2, Fergana env. (30 km), Kadanzaj, 21.-22.V.1980, leg. Padr. The remaining specimens come from Austria (13, 2), the Czech Republic (152, 174), Germany (2, 4) and Slovakia (24, 38).Published as part of Dollfuss, H., 2008, The Crabronid Wasps of the Genera Oxybelus LATREILLE 1796 and Brimocelus ARNOLD 1927 of " Biologiezentrum Linz " Collection in Linz, Austria (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Crabronidae), pp. 463-505 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (1) on pages 497-498, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.542801

Sphex neavei

Sphex neavei (ARNOLD 1928) 9, 12 N o t e: The males of this species are characterized by the shape of eight sternite and genitalia and are easey to determine, the females can only be hypothetically assigned to these males. K e n y a:1, 2, Taita Hills Wundanyi, 5.-10.IV.1997, leg. Ma. Halada; 2, 1, Taita Hills Wundanyi, 18.-22.III.1997, leg. Ma. Halada; 2, (Tsavo) Tai Hills Wundanyi, 19.-21. XI.1996, leg. Mi. Halada; 1, Taita Hills, 24.XI.1997, leg. Snizek; 1, Nairobi Mutaiga Road, 4.IV.2007, leg. M. Halada. M a l a w i:1, 1, 100 km S Kasungu, 29.XII.2001, leg. J. Halada; 1, 85 km SE Lilongwe, 5.- 12.I.2002, leg. J. Halada. T a n z a n i a:1, Usambara mts., Lushoto env., 27.III.-1.IV.1997, leg. Kubon. Z i m b a b w e:1, Matobo Bulawayo, 30.I.1998, leg. Ma. Halada. V a r i a t i o n: Propodeum of males and females with greyish pubescense, the shape of male genitalia is identical with the specimens above. Z a m b i a 1, E Mutumbwe NW Kasempa, 15. IX 2005, leg. Snizek; 1, 2, 150 km SW Solwezi, 13°02’S 25°45’E, 1300m, 15.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 1, 80 km SSW Solwezi, 12°45’S 26°02’E, 1400m, 13.XI.2006, leg. M. Halada; 1, Solwezi env., 1.-3.XII.2002, leg. J. Halada; 1, 90 km Solwezi E Chisasa, 9. IX.2005, leg. Snizek; 1, 30 km E Solwezi, 12°21’S 27°01’E, 1400m, 8.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada.Published as part of Dollfuss, H., 2008, The Sphecini Wasps of the Genera Chilosphex BOHART & MENKE, Isodontia PATTON, Palmodes KOHL, Prionyx VANDER LINDEN and Sphex LINNAEUS of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria, (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae), pp. 1399-1434 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (2) on pages 1428-1429, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.543113

Ammophila ganquana YANG & LI 1989

Ammophila ganquana YANG & LI (Figs 658-672) Ammophila ganquana YANG & LI 1989: 105, ♀, 3. Holotype: ♀, China: Shaanxi Province: Ganquan County: Quingquan (Beijing Agricultural University), not examined. M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d:None. D e s c r i p t i o n: (YANG & LI 1989: 105, translated from Chinese by Yan Chengjin): " ♀: Body length 12.5mm. Black; petiole apex ventrally, tergum I largely, tergum II, sternum II, and base of tergum III yellowish red; gastral apex without metallic blue luster; posterior part of tegula and wings pale yellowish brown, veins pale brown. Clypeus, gena and prosternum with sparse long white setae, other areas without long setae. Mesopleuron posteriorly and propodeum posterolaterally covered with dense appressed setae. Gastral petiole basoventrally with sparse pubescence. Vertex, frons and clypeus sparsely punctate, with supra-antennal projection. Clypeus medially with roughly spherical protuberance, free margin of clypeus emarginate medially. Postocellar diameter (ODD): postocellar distance (POD): oculocellar distance (OOD): interocular distance at anterior ocellus (IODP): interocular distance at clypeus (IODC) = 1: 2: 4: 11.1: 9.1. Relative length of antennal pedicel: flagellomeres I: II: III: VIII = 1.7: 5.6: 3.4: 3.3: 2.4. Pronotal collar: length: width = 4.5: 9.5, sparsely punctate, with deep median furrow; transversely, densely finely striate on anterior slope; scutum transversely, densely finely striate and punctate, with admedian line; scutellum coarsely, longitudinally striate; metanotum without distinct striae; propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous median carina, surface obliquely striate laterally; mesopleuron and mesosternal coarsely, transversely rugose-striate and punctate, with episternal sulcus; metapleuron and lateral side of propodeum coarsely rugose-striate. Submarginal cell III of forewing petiolate. Foretarsus asymmetrical; hindleg, relative length of tibia: tarsomeres I: II: III = 22.3: 12.9: 7.5: 5.8, claws simple, with arolia. Length of gastral petiole: tergite I: II = 16: 14.9: 10.9. 3: Body length 12.0mm. Similar to female. The yellowish red area of tergum III and sternum III less than in female; wings deeply infumate, veins dark brown. Head and thorax with long, white setae. Clypeus and lower frons covered with dense, appressed setae. Pronotal lobe with pubescence; free margin of clypeus emarginate medially; ODD: POD: OOD: IODP: IODC = 1: 1.9: 3.2: 9.1: 4.7. Relative length of antennal pedicel: flagellomeres I: II: IX = 1.4: 4: 2.8: 3: 1.7. Pronotal collar: length: width = 3.6: 8.1. Scutum without distinct admedian line. Propodeal enclosure without median carina. Hindleg: relative length of tibia: tarsomeres I: II: III = 19.8: 10.5: 5.8: 4.1. Length of gastral petiole: tergite I = 16.1: 14.4. Genitalia with penis valves (as in Figs 670, 671), volsella (as Fig. 672) and gonostyle (as Fig. 669). R e l a t i o n s h i p s: This new species with supra-antennal projection and submarginal cell III petiolate is related to A. deserticola TSUNEKI 1971, but the female differs in having white setae on head, shape of clypeus and sculpture of scutum, and the male in the sculpture of the propodeal enclosure and the genitalia. " G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n: China:ShanxiProvince.Published as part of Dollfuss, H., 2013, Revision of the Wasps Genus Ammophila KIRBY 1798 (Hymenoptera Apoidea Sphecidae) of the Palearctic Region and India, pp. 383-564 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 45 (1) on pages 431-432, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.534113

Eremnophila willinkli

Eremnophila willinkli (MENKE 1964) 1, 1 B o l i v i a:1, Depto. Sta. Cruz, Rio Seco, 300m, II.1962, leg. Walz. P a r a g u a y:1, Chaco, 90 km SE Filadelfia, 27.I.2006, leg. J. Halada.Published as part of Dollfuss, H., 2010, The Ammophilini Wasps of the Genera Eremnophila MENKE, Eremochares GRIBODO, Hoplammophila de BEAUMONT, Parapsammophila TASCHENBERG and Podalonia FERNALD of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria, (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae), pp. 535-560 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 42 (1) on page 537, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.533255

Oxybelus curviscutis ARNOLD 1927

<i>Oxybelus curviscutis</i> ARNOLD 1927 (10, 20) <p>K e n y a:1, Tana river, Taerda cams env., 02°16’S 40°13’E, 13.IV.2006, leg. Jendek.</p> <p>M o z a m b i q u e 1, 100 km NE Tete, 15°26’S 34°20’E, 910m, 7.XII.2005, leg. Kadlekova; 1, 65 km S Vlongné, 15°13’S 34°19’E, 1250m, 8.XII.2005, leg. Kadlekova; 1, 70 km S Tete, 16°39’S 33°20’E, 250m, 10.XII.2005, leg. J. Halada.</p> <p>N a m i b i a 1. 80 km SW Rundu, 25.I.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner; 2, 100 km SW Rundu, 1.II.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner; 1, Rundu, 18.I.1993, leg. J.Gusenleitner; 1, 125 km SW Rundu, 16.I.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner.</p> <p>R. S. A.:5, 6, Mabutoland, SW Emanguzi, 29.I.2003, leg. Snizek; 1, W. Cape, Greyton Riversonderand r., 7.XI.1999, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, W. Cape, 40 km S Lamberts Bay, 30.X.1999, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, North West prov., Klerksdorf Vaal riv., 20 km W Bothaville, 12.I.2001, leg. Snizek.</p> <p>Z a m b i a:1, 2, 45 km SE Kitwe, 12.-15.I.2003, leg. J. Halada.</p> <p>Z i m b a b w e 1, 50 km S Bulawayo Matobo, 3.-5.XII.1998, leg. J. Halada; 1, 30 km W Harare, 22.XII.1998, leg. J. Halada; 1, Mushandike Sanctuary Masvingo, 9.-11.XII.1996, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, St. Benedict, 1300m, 30 km NE Macheke, 21.IV.1985, leg. J. Gusenleitner.</p>Published as part of <i>Dollfuss, H., 2008, The Crabronid Wasps of the Genera Oxybelus LATREILLE 1796 and Brimocelus ARNOLD 1927 of " Biologiezentrum Linz " Collection in Linz, Austria (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Crabronidae), pp. 463-505 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (1)</i> on page 469, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5428013">10.5281/zenodo.5428013</a&gt

Oxybelus lingula GERSTAECKER 1867

<i>Oxybelus lingula</i> GERSTAECKER 1867 (15, 48) <p>B o t s w a n a:1, Kasane env., 29.XII.-7.I.1997, leg. Snizek; 2, Maun Island Sateri, I.1997, leg. Snizek.</p> <p>M o z a m b i q u e: 1, 70 km N Maputo, 3 XII.2003, leg. J. Halada; 2, Inhambane pr., 25 km N Massinga, 5.+ 29.XII.2003, leg. J. Halada.</p> <p>N a m i b i a: 1, 90 km NE Grootfontein, 16.I.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner; 1, Rundu, 22.I.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner; 2, Rundu, 19.I.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner; 1, Karibib, 7. II.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner.</p> <p>R. S. A.:2, West Cape, Riviersonderend riv., Greyton, 22.XI.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, North West, O.F.S., 20 km W Bothaville Vaal riv., 27.XI.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, Western Cape, 60 km N Cape Town, 9.XI.1999, leg. M. Halada; 1, 2, N. Cape, 50 km SW Springbok wadi Buffels, 18.X.1999, leg. M. Halada; 1, 1, N. Cape, SW springbok, 4.XI.1999, leg. M. Halada; 1, Northern Cape, E Kamieskroon, 2.XI.1999, leg. M. Halada; 1, West Cape, Kleinkaroo Barrydale, 16.XII.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, W. Cape, NEN Clarwilliam Doringlos, 10.X.1999, leg. M Halada; 17, W. Cape, Nuwerus, 31.X.1999, leg. Ma. Halada; 4, W. Cape N, 60 km W Loriesfontein Kliprand, 31.X.1999, leg. Ma. Halada; 4, W. Cape, 20 kmN Citrusdal, 27.X.1999, leg. Ma. Halada; 3, N. Cape W, 25 km E Hondeklipbay wad, 17.X.1999, leg. Ma. Halada; 2, O.F.S. 30 km N Colesberg Orange riv., 25.XI.2002, leg. M. Halada; 1, West Cape, Klein Karoo, Grot riv., Langberg, 24.XI.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, West Cape, Klein Karoo, Langberg, Grot riv., 15.XII.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, N. Cape, Van Zylsrus (Kalahari S), 15.I.2001, leg. Snizek; 1, Easternlape, 10 km SE Alexandria Nat. Res., 28.-31.I.2000, leg. J. Halada; 3, West Cape, Riviersonderend riv., Greyton, 22.XI.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1, N. Cape, 40 km SW Garies wadi Groen, 18.X.1999, leg. M. Halada.</p> <p>S e n e g a l: 1, 60 km S Velingara Pakon, 27.VI.2004, leg. Ma. Halada.</p> <p>Z i m b a b w e:1, Khami Ruins Bulawaye, 28.I.1998, leg. Ma. Halada.</p>Published as part of <i>Dollfuss, H., 2008, The Crabronid Wasps of the Genera Oxybelus LATREILLE 1796 and Brimocelus ARNOLD 1927 of " Biologiezentrum Linz " Collection in Linz, Austria (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Crabronidae), pp. 463-505 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (1)</i> on page 480, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5428013">10.5281/zenodo.5428013</a&gt

The Crabronid Wasps of the Genera Oxybelus LATREILLE 1796 and Brimocelus ARNOLD 1927 of "Biologiezentrum Linz" Collection in Linz, Austria (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Crabronidae)

Dollfuss, H. (2008): The Crabronid Wasps of the Genera Oxybelus LATREILLE 1796 and Brimocelus ARNOLD 1927 of "Biologiezentrum Linz" Collection in Linz, Austria (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Crabronidae). Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (1): 463-505, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.542801

Podalonia hirticeps CAMERON 1889

Podalonia hirticeps (CAMERON) Fig. 150 Ammophila hirticeps CAMERON 1889: 99, sex not indicated. Holotype or syntypes: Pakistan: Gilgit (OXUM or Calcutta Museum). R e d e s c r i p t i o n o f f e m a l e by BINGHAM 1897: 234. " Head and thorax sparsely punctured and densely pubescent; anterior margin of clypeus broadly rounded, almost sinuate in the middle; scutellum indistinctly longitudinally striate; the median segment obliquely striate, with central longitudinal furrow, which has a carina down the middle; petiole of gaster pubescent. Black, with long black setae and silvery pubescence on the clypeus and face in front; gaster with segments 2-4 and the base of the 5 th red; wings nearly hyaline, the apex infuscate." D e s c r i p t i o n o f m a l e g e n i t a l i a by JHA & FAROOQI (1994: 11): " Gonostyli broad at base but sharply narrowing apically, apices acute and directed inwards, several stout and long hairs present along the dorsal margin of apical half, general pubescence short and thick. Aedeagus elongated, exceeding the length of gonostyli, uniformly broad with aedeagal head sharply bent carrying acute acuminate process which are directed outward almost at a right angle, apodemal protuberances at base well developed. Volsella broader, abruptly narrowing at base; cuspis thin and narrow; digital head comparatively large and triangular, when viewed ventrally its head sharply pointed, hairs comparatively large and erect, pubescence on lamina fine and short. " Genitalia: fig. 150. G e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n: India, Pakistan. S p e c i m e n s e x a m i n e d None.Published as part of Dollfuss, H., 2010, A Key to Wasps of the Genus Podalonia FERNALD 1927 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae) of the Old World, pp. 1241-1291 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 42 (2) on page 1258, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.533461