Angular Distributions of Secondary Electrons Emitted from the Polycrystalline Silver

The angular distributions of secondary electrons (including Auger electrons) of different energies emitted from polycrystalline silver bombarded with primary electrons (E$\text{}_{p}$ = 1000 and 2500 eV) were measured with a RFA analyzer equipped with an additional collector (acceptance angle ≈ 4°). Additionally, the angular distributions of primary electrons of different energies elastically backscattered from the same sample were also investigated by means of a specially constructed rotable RFA analyzer equipped with a channeltron. The results obtained show the cosine distribution of secondary and Auger electrons emitted as shown previously in the literature. The angular distributions of electrons backscattered elastically depend on electron energy and are in good agreement with theoretical calculations (Monte Carlo simulation of primary electrons trajectories in solids) proposed by Jabłoński

Determination of Inelastic Mean Free Path of Electrons in Noble Metals

The experimental values of Inelastic Mean Free Path (λ$\text{}_{IMFP}$) of electrons in noble metals (Ag, Au, Cu) are determined in the electron energy range 150-2000 eV. The method used consists of the measurements and theoretical calculations of the coefficient of elastic backscattering of electrons from a solid surface η$\text{}_{e}$. The obtained values of λ$\text{}_{IMFP}$ are compared with the data available in the literature

Failure modes of coatings on steel substrate

The critical monotonic strain of Ni-W and MoS2(Ti,W) coatings on steel substrates was studied. The idea of axisymmetric bending test (called here as coin bending test) limited to monitoring of the coating failure was used. Experiments revealed mechanism of the coating failure, as cracking initiated from coating surface defects and/or substrate was demonstrated using indentation technique. By pushing the center of the uncoated side of a circular plate, the axisymmetric stress state was generated in the coating. The stress components varied gradually from the greatest value in the center to the smallest value at the edge of the specimen. The changes of the sample surface as a result of loading were monitored step by step via optical microscopy

Metabolic syndrome is associated with similar long-term prognosis in non-obese and obese patients. An analysis of 45 615 patients from the nationwide LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 cohort studies

Aims We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and long-term all-cause mortality. Methods The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The cohort was divided into four groups: non-obese patients without MetS, obese patients without MetS, non-obese patients with MetS and obese patients with MetS. Differences in all-cause mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results 45,615 participants were enrolled (mean age 56.3, standard deviation: 11.8 years; 61.7% female). MetS was diagnosed in 14,202 (31%) by NCEP/ATP III criteria, and 17,216 (37.7%) by JIS criteria. Follow-up was available for 44,620 (97.8%, median duration 15.3 years) patients. MetS was associated with increased mortality risk among the obese (hazard ratio, HR: 1.88 [95% CI, 1.79-1.99] and HR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.82-2.04], according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria, respectively) and non-obese individuals (HR: 2.11 [95% CI 1.85-2.40] and 1.7 [95% CI, 1.56-1.85] according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria respectively). Obese patients without MetS had a higher mortality risk than non-obese patients without MetS (HR: 1.16 [95% CI 1.10-1.23] and HR: 1.22 [95%CI 1.15-1.30], respectively in subgroups with NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria applied). Conclusions MetS is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in non-obese and obese patients. In patients without MetS obesity remains significantly associated with mortality. The concept of metabolically healthy obesity should be revised