Investigation of branch breaking resistances in “Sari Zeybek” fig cultivar

The aim of this study was to examine the branch breaking characteristics of the 4 to 5 years old branches mechanically by a determination of the breaking resistance in Sari Zeybek fig cultivars. In this respect, the study was conducted with 10 different ages for trees belonging to Sarilop cultivar, known with a characteristic of drying and Sari Zeybek cultivar, known with equal or even better characteristics. The sclerenchyma tissues of the 1 to 5 aged branches of Sari Zeybek cultivar were weaker in degree than some other fruit tree species, especially the Sarilop cultivar. Furthermore, it was brought out that the breakages were related to the flexibility of tissues even with the excess forced application (150 kg.) in Sarilop. In Sari Zeybek cultivar, where there is an existence of the branch breakage problem, the length and diameters of branches increased with the increasing branch ages. In particular, the forces at the branch collar were increased due to the fruit weight increase in trees, starting with the 4 to 5 year aged branches. According to the approach of encouragement of branch breakages due to the aforementioned reason, it was taken seriously that shape prunings need to be made more carefully, and not allowed in over critical levels branch lengths and angles within 1 to 4 years growth in Sari Zeybek cultivar.Key words: Sari Zeybek, fig, branch breakage

Effect of harvest time on physicochemical quality parameters, oxidation stability, and volatile compounds of extra virgin olive oil

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in some physicochemical properties of olives (fruit weight, water content and oil content) and olive oils (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, pheophytin a, peroxide value and free acidity), and in the chemical properties (fatty acids, tocopherols, phenolics, oxidation stability and volatile profiles) of oils during ripening.Ripening indices (RI) of olive samples were 1.93 (unripe), 4.28 (ripe) and 5.89 (overripe). Most of the mentioned features changed with ripening. During ripening there was a sharp decrease in total chlorophyll, carotenoid and pheophytin a contents. An increase in oleic and linoleic acids and a decrease in palmitic acid were found in the fatty acid composition. Olive oils showed strong relations among oxidation stability, tocopherol content, total phenols content, and antiradical actvity of phenol extracts and these parameters decreased with maturation. Nevertheless, higher amounts of trans-2-hexenal were found in the oil from ripe olives than from unripe and overripe olives. On the other hand, the highest concentration of hexanal was found in the oil from overripe olives.In general, significant differences were observed in fruit weight, pigments, free acidity, fatty acid, tocopherol, and total phenolics contents, radical scavenger activity, oxidation stability, phenolic profile and volatile profile between the olive oils from the Gemlik cultivar at different stages of maturation

Ультраструктурные изменения слизистой оболочки верхнечелюстной пазухи у больных одонтогенным синуситом

Features of ultrastructure of a mucous membrane of maxillary sinus are investigated at odontogenic sinusitis depending on the reason and prescription of disease. It is established, that the deepest destructive changes are found out in patients with oroantral message and stay in a sinus root material on a basis of zinc-oxidevgenol paste.Изучены особенности ультраструктуры слизистой оболочки верхнечелюстной пазухи при одонтогенном синусите в зависимости от причины и давности заболевания. Наиболее глубокие деструктивные изменения обнаружены у больных с ороантральным сообщением и наличием в пазухе пломбировочного материала на основе цинк-оксидэвгенольной пасты

Określenie powodzenia szczepień odmian winorośli szczepionych na dwóch różnych podkładkach

The aim of this study was to determine the graft performance and to follow the graft compatibility of Bornova Misketi, Trakya Ilkeren and Sultan 1 grape cultivars grafted on 5BB and 1103P rootstocks. Grafts were made by using omega technique. Following waxing, grafts were packed in plastic boxes filled up with fungicide humidified sawdust and chips (3:1) and were placed in callusing room (25°C, 85% relative humidity) for three weeks. Post callusing, grafts were evaluated for their callusing rate at graft union (0–4 scale), sprouting rate (%), rooting rate (%) and sapling yield (%). According to obtained data statistically significant differences were determined in all parameters except sprouting rate. Graft samples were taken each month for histological analysis during six months following callusing. No significant differences were observed among combinations in respect to histological development of graft unions. Callusing rate (3.73/5 BB–3.70/1103 P) and potted sapling yield (86.66/5 BB%–90.00/1103 P%) were the highest in Bornova Misketi among all combinations for two rootstocks.Celem badania było określenie skuteczności szczepów oraz śledzenie zgodności odmian winorośli ‘Bornova Misketi’, ‘Trakya Ilkeren’ i ‘Sultan 1’ szczepionych na podkładkach 5BB i 1103P. Szczepienia dokonano przy użyciu techniki omega. Po woskowaniu, szczepy były zapakowane w skrzynie plastikowe wypełnione wiórami i trocinami nawilżonymi fungicydem (3:1) i umieszczone w pomieszczeniu kalusującym o temperaturze 25°C i względnej wilgotności 85% na trzy tygodnie. Po kalusowaniu, szczepy oceniano pod względem wskaźnika kalusowania szczepów (skala 0–4), wskaźnika kiełkowania (%), wskaźnika ukorzenienie (%) oraz plonu sadzonek (%). Według uzyskanych danych, określono statystycznie istotne różnice dotyczące wszystkich parametrów, z wyjątkiem wskaźnika kiełkowania. Próbki szczepów po kalusowaniu co miesiąc (przez 6 miesięcy) były poddawane analizie histologicznej. Nie zaobserwowano żadnych istotnych różnic między kombinacjami w odniesieniu do histologicznego rozwoju szczepów. Wskaźnik kalusowania (3.73/5 BB–3.70/1103 P) oraz plon kiełków w doniczkach (86.66/5 BB%–90.00/1103 P%) spośród wszystkich kombinacji dla dwóch podłoży były najwyższe dla ‘Bornova Misketi’

Onewaytests: An R package for one-way tests in independent groups designs

One-way tests in independent groups designs are the most commonly utilized statistical methods with applications on the experiments in medical sciences, pharmaceutical research, agriculture, biology, engineering, social sciences and so on. In this paper, we present the onewaytests package to investigate treatment effects on the dependent variable. The package offers the one-way tests in independent groups designs, which include ANOVA, Welch's heteroscedastic F test, Welch's heteroscedastic F test with trimmed means andWinsorized variances, Brown-Forsythe test, Alexander- Govern test, James second order test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The package also provides pairwise comparisons, graphical approaches, and assesses variance homogeneity and normality of data in each group via tests and plots. A simulation study is also conducted to give recommendations for applied researchers on the selection of appropriate one-way tests under assumption violations. Furthermore, especially for non-R users, a user-friendly web application of the package is provided. This application is available at http://www.softmed.hacettepe.edu.tr/onewaytests

Anterior inferior iliac spine morphology: quantitative and qualitative assessment in an asymptomatic population

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) types, and to investigate the quantitative measurements that characterize AIIS morphology in an asymptomatic adult population.MethodsIn this prospective study, 358 hips from 179 consecutive subjects (age range, 19-82 years; 91 males, 88 females), who underwent CT examination for reasons other than hip problems and were negative for hip impingement test, were analyzed. AIIS types were determined (1, flat wall of the ilium between distal end of AIIS and acetebular rim; 2, bony eminence between distal end of AIIS and acetebular rim; and 3, extension of AIIS to the anterior superior acetebular rim) and AIIS tip angle (TA), direct distance (DD) of the anterior acetabular rim to AIIS as well as projectional distances in vertical (VD) and horizontal (HD) planes were measured. Age- and gender-related factors were searched using two-way ANOVA test under three age groups (18-39, 40-59, and 60years).ResultsThere were 238 (66.5%) type 1, 118 (33.0%) type 2, and two (0.5%) type 3 AIISs, with significant difference between AIIS types among age groups and genders (P<0.001). VD and DD showed age- and gender-related (P<0.001, P<0.001), and TA demonstrated gender-related differences (P<0.001). Inter-observer agreement was good for TA and moderate to poor for other measurements.ConclusionsType 1 AIIS is the most common shape across all age groups in adult females and in young and middle-aged adult males. TA, DD, and VD might be reliably used for the evaluation of AIIS morphology

A current analysis of caregivers' approaches to fever and antipyretic usage

Introduction: The aim of this survey was to investigate the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of febrile children's caregivers about fever, antipyretic usage, and temperature measurement methods in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A 41-item questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of febrile children's caregivers in face-to-face interviews by two research assistants from January 2012 through June 2012 in an urban region of Turkey. Results: A total of 1,032 caregivers completed the interview. Approximately one-third of caregivers considered a temperature of less than 37.8 degrees C (100 degrees F) to be a fever, and 13% of all respondents would give antipyretics for a body temperature <= 37.8 degrees C. Furthermore, 76% of parents would wake their children from sleep to administer antipyretics. Although a high proportion (89.5%) of respondents believed that fever had harmful effects, 10.5% considered fever to be beneficial. Alternating use of acetaminophen and ibuprofen (44%) and giving antipyretics routinely (71%) before and after immunizations were common parental practices and generally advised by pediatricians. Parents with higher levels of education were more likely to consider fever to be beneficial and to treat fever with antipyretics, and less likely to seek medical attention for mild fever. Most caregivers stated that they were unsure about the right site (90%) and thermometer type (95%) for temperature measurement. Conclusions: Persistent fever anxiety and excessive antipyretic usage may be heightened by the lack of knowledge regarding accurate temperature measurement methods with digital thermometers in our population. Parental education may positively affect the approach to fever and antipyretic usage