Das generische Maskulinum im Deutschen. Ein historischer Spaziergang durch die deutsche Grammatikschreibung von der Renaissance bis zur Postmoderne

The concern of the present article is the evolution of the "generic masculine" in German as it is reflected in the grammars of the German language from the 16th to the 20th centuries. Grammarians recognized the ability of all masculine personal nouns to refer to both sexes only by the beginning of the 20th century and an adequate description is found as late as the 1960s. Formerly, women and men used to be segregated by grammatical description. The history of this process is being explored in detail and illustrated by citations from original works

The Interaction of morphological and stereotypical gender information in Russian

Previous research, for example in English, French, German, and Spanish, has investigated the interplay between grammatical gender information and stereotype gender information (e.g., that secretaries are usually female, in many cultures), in the interpretation of both singular noun phrases (the secretary) and plural nouns phrases, particularly so-called generic masculines—nouns that have masculine grammatical gender but that should be able to refer to both groups of men and mixed groups of men and women. Since the studies have been conducted in cultures with broadly similar stereotypes, the effects generally reflect differences in the grammatical systems of the languages. Russian has a more complex grammatical gender system than the languages previously studied, and, unlike those languages frequently presents examples in which grammatical gender is marked on the predicate (in an inflection on the verb). In this study we collected stereotype norms for 160 role names in Russian, providing a useful resource for further work in this language. We also conducted a reading time study examining the interaction of grammatical and stereotype gender information in the interpretation of both Russian singular noun phrases, and plurals that were (potentially) generic masculines. Our results show that, although both types of gender information are used, when available, the effects of grammatical marking on the predicate are not as strong as those of such marking on subject noun phrases

Deutschsprachige Artikel zur slawistischen Sprachwissenschaft als Mittel der fachlichen und sprachlichen Sozialisation – eine problematische Annäherung an die Disziplin

Research articles are studied by several branches of Applied Linguistics, such as text linguistics, stylistics, foreign language teaching or contrastive rhetoric. However, articles written in German have been scarcely investigated so far. In this contribution we study German articles in Slavic linguistics with regard to their use for the socialization of students into academia. We investigate the presence of the following contents as well as their position of occurrence in the texts: research question, methods and theoretical background. Thus we evaluate, if such articles are an adequate means to introduce students to the way the results of research are brought about. Our study shows that research questions are usually explicitly stated, while methods and theoretical background may remain implicit. It seems that the degree of implicitness relates to the degree of “traditionality” of the research involved, i. e., if the article is, e. g., a philological or a sociolinguistic one

A CP Model for a Scheduling Problem with Limited Secondary Resources Compared to a DES Model

An efficient scheduling of bottleneck areas within the semiconductor manufactory gets more and more important. Due to the high complexity within the manufacturing area it is currently not possible to optimize the whole (or even a big part of the) factory at once. So mostly only work center specific optimization approaches are investigated. Typically scheduling problems only deal with two dimensions – jobs and equipment. But in some areas of semiconductor manufactory also a third dimension has to be considered – a limited secondary resource. In this paper a Constraint Programming model for such limited secondary resource problems is presented. Thereby the scheduling model also deals with setup matrices for the first and also secondary resource. The modeling of this CP model is shown in detail and the results are compared to a discrete event simulation using dispatching rules. The test data for the first tests are orientated on real production data

Quality based scheduling for an example of semiconductor manufactory

Quality is an important measurement within a semiconductor manufactory. Due to the fact that yield is directly affected by quality of the manufacturing process, in this paper a quality based scheduling approach will be presented which compares different methods like dispatching, MIP and CP, regarding different objectives. To test the different used methods a benchmark model of a semiconductor manufactory is build up. Here a lithography work center is used in detail where the rest of the fabrication is only build up as a delay station. With this model the repeatability for the example of a lithography step is investigated. Thereby in this investigation it is assumed, that each lithography tool has an offset which is transferred to the structure. Now the quality of a product should be best, if the offset from one layer to the next layer is minimized

Potential output and the financial crisis of 2008

In dieser Diplomarbeit werden theoretisch und empirisch die Auswirkungen der aktuellen Krise auf das Potentialoutput und deren Inputfaktoren beschrieben, wobei sich die Analyse auf den Euroraum beschränkt. Dabei werden zuerst die Politikmaßnahmen, die die Euroländer eingeführt haben, beschrieben. Anhand dieser Programme werden Annahmen über die mittelfristige Entwicklung der totalen Faktorproduktivität getroffen und dabei drei Szenarien für die mittelfristige Entwicklung geschätzt. Es konnten dabei alle drei theoretischen Fälle (Vollständige Rückgewinnung des kurzfristigen Verlustes im Level, permanenter Verlust im Level und größer werdender Verlust im Level des Potentialoutputs) nachgewiesen werden. Am wahrscheinlichsten scheint es jedoch aus heutiger Sicht und bei Berücksichtigung der getroffenen Politikmaßnahmen, dass es einen permanenten Verlust im Level vom Potentialoutput geben wird.The theoretical and empirical analysis in this thesis describes the effects of the current crisis on potential output and its input factors, focusing only on the euro area. By varying the assumptions about the medium-term development of total factor productivity it is shown that the recovery scenario of potential output in the post-crisis period heavily depends on this input factor. Dependent on the assumption all three theoretical cases (full recovery scenario, permanent loss in potential output level, increasing loss in potential output level) could be found. Regarding the policy actions taken the most plausible case is a permanent loss in potential output level

Anterior Hip Dislocation in a Football Player: A Case Report

Hip dislocations during sporting activities represent only 2%–5% of all hip dislocations. Most hip dislocations in sports can be categorised as “less complicated traumatic hip dislocations” by the Stewart-Milford classification due to the fact that minimal force is involved. The incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head greatly increases if the time to reduction is more than six hours. We report the case of a 38-year-old football player who suffered hip dislocation while kicking the ball with the medial aspect of the right foot in an external rotated manner of the right hip. Closed reduction was performed within 2 hours; postoperative follow-up was uneventful. Six months later the patient is out of any complaints; there is no sign of AVN of the femoral head