Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground\u27s Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945

My research examines how the London Underground – the first subway in the world - provided new public spaces and forms of mobility that redefined how Londoners interacted in, moved through, and imaged the city. Perhaps nothing embodies the Underground’s iconic status in London quite as completely as the phrase, “Mind the Gap.” This phrase, which originally referred to the gap between the train and the platform at Embankment station on the Northern line, has since become an enduringly popular symbol of London in the minds of travelers and visitors. The fact that a behavioral command about how to move through Underground space has become synonymous with visiting London suggests the deep connections between spatial behaviors and identity in the modern city. People had to be taught how to “Mind the Gap” – and railway officials were never completely able to control the ways in which people used, traveled through, and imagined these spaces. Illuminating these tensions between railway technicians and ordinary passengers demonstrates how the Underground provided a new type of space in which men and women from different classes and backgrounds could assert claims to freedom of movement within the city. Aside from the gap between station platforms and Underground trains, this cultural history of the Underground also reveals how Londoners negotiated and bridged other important gaps - between rich and poor, men and women, and concepts of what constituted being modern or backwards, progressive or dangerous - as they embraced this public space as a part of their everyday lives. My dissertation interweaves works of art and fiction, literary scholarship, and elements of geography and sociology into a cultural history of London’s transport. Though it was owned and operated by a series of private companies throughout the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the Underground offered a relatively affordable means of traversing the capitol for Londoners of all classes and backgrounds, and therefore the spaces of the Underground network (stations, platforms, and train cars) acted as public spaces where new ideas about democratic order in society were challenged and negotiated. My dissertation will bring a new perspective to studies of urban history by using interactions within the Tube to demonstrate how modernity was experienced and given meaning through particular spatial practices. I argue that the Underground helped challenge and redefine urban identities in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, particularly for women

Exploring the Multicultural Competence of School Counselors

The purpose of this study was to explore the self-perceived multicultural competence of school counselors. Forty-one school counselors out of the 510 school counselors who were current members of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) completed both survey instruments: a demographic survey and the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS). The results of the study indicated that one of eight demographic variables demonstrated significance in relation to multicultural competence. Recommendations for future research included using a larger, ethnically diverse sample; including all school counselors in the state of Virginia; developing a survey instrument that included more aspects of multiculturalism than race/ethnicity; and including a third assessment tool to examine the relationship between demographic variables, multicultural competence, and additional variables

Exploring the Multicultural Competence of School Counselors

The purpose of this study was to explore the self-perceived multicultural competence of school counselors. Forty-one school counselors out of the 510 school counselors who were current members of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) completed both survey instruments: a demographic survey and the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS). The results of the study indicated that one of eight demographic variables demonstrated significance in relation to multicultural competence. Recommendations for future research included using a larger, ethnically diverse sample; including all school counselors in the state of Virginia; developing a survey instrument that included more aspects of multiculturalism than race/ethnicity; and including a third assessment tool to examine the relationship between demographic variables, multicultural competence, and additional variables

Stress Fractures of the Elbow in the Throwing Athlete: A Systematic Review.

Background: Stress fractures of the elbow are rare in throwing athletes and present a challenge from both a management and rehabilitation perspective. Although the incidence of stress fractures of the elbow is increasing, there is a lack of data in the literature focused on throwers. Purpose: To evaluate studies regarding the management and outcomes of stress fractures of the elbow in throwing athletes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching the Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library electronic databases to identify studies reporting on the management and outcomes of stress fractures in overhead-throwing athletes. Management data included nonoperative and operative modalities, and outcome data included return to play, encompassing the timing and level of activity. Studies were excluded if the stress fracture of the elbow was not a result of a sport injury attributed to throwing or if the study failed to report whether an athlete returned to play. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. There were 52 patients in total (50 male, 2 female) with a mean age of 19.7 years (range, 13-29.1 years). The olecranon was the most common location of the stress fracture (51 patients; 98.1%), followed by the distal humerus (1 patient; 1.9%). The majority of patients (n = 40; 76.9%) were treated operatively. Of the 40 patients who were treated surgically, 14 (35.0%) underwent a period of conservative treatment preoperatively that ultimately failed because of persistent nonunion or continued elbow pain. A total of 50 patients (96.2%) returned to sport either at or above their preinjury level. Of the 2 patients (3.8%) who did not return to sport, 1 did not return because of continued elbow pain postoperatively, and the other was lost to follow-up. Complications occurred in 9 patients (17.3%), all of whom were treated surgically. Conclusion: On the basis of this systematic review, the majority of elbow stress fractures were treated operatively and approximately one-third after a period of failed nonoperative management. The return-to-sport rate was high. Further, higher level studies are needed to optimize management and return-to-sport rates in this population

Recent advances in hepatic transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh.

FK506 undoubtedly improved the survival advantage of hepatic allotransplantation. Hepatic-intestinal and multivisceral transplantation has also become a feasible therapy for patients with combined intestinal and liver failure. With better understanding of the immunologic and metabolic aspects of allo- and xenotransplantation, further clinical attempts to transplant animal organs to humans may be considered with the hope for a better outcome in the very near future

On the association of G343.1-2.3 and PSR 1706-44

The association of G343.1-2.3 and PSR 1706-44 has been controversial from its first proposal. In this paper we address the difficulties, and argue that the association is still likely. New evidence comes from images of G343.1-2.3 obtained using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), and the pulsar obtained using the CHANDRA X-ray observatory. Mosaicing was required to cover the full extent of G343.1-2.3, and we present the polarisation images from this experiment. Also an X-ray pulsar wind nebula has been found in the archived CHANDRA observations, with the correct morphology to support the association. The ATCA observations confirm the much larger extent of the SNR, which now encompasses the pulsar. The X-ray morphology points back toward the centre of the SNR, indicating the direction of the proper motion, and that the PSR and SNR are associated.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, submitted to MNRA

G343.1-2.3 and PSR 1706-44

The association of G343.1-2.3 and PSR 1706-44 has been controversial from its first proposal. In this paper we present new evidence from images made by with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), MRT and Mt. Pleasant. To cover the full extent of G343.1-2.3 with ATCA mosaicing was required, and we present the polarisation images from this experiment. The ATCA observations confirms the much larger extent of the SNR, which now encompasses the pulsar