Deceleration without dark matter

In homogeneous isotropic cosmological models the angular size theta of a standard measuring rod changes with redshift z in a manner that depends upon the parameters of the model. It has been argued that as a population ultracompact (milliarcsecond) radio sources measured by very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) do not evolve with cosmic epoch, and thus comprise a set of standard objects, at least in a statistical sense. Here we examine the angular-size/redshift relation for 256 ultracompact sources with z in the range 0.5 to 3.8 for cosmological models with two degrees of freedom (Omega_0 and Lambda_0). The canonical inflationary cold dark matter model(Omega_0=1, Lambda_0=0) appears to be ruled out by the observed relationship, whereas low-density models with a cosmological constant of either sign are favoured.Comment: Although published (MNRAS 285, 806, 1997, submitted 1996 May 3), this paper has not previously appeared on the arXive. Despite its title, a prominent conclusion is that if the Universe is spatially flat, then the best cosmological parameters are Omega_m=0.2, Omega_Lambda=0.8, with probable range 0.1<Omega_m<0.3. It is the first in a series, the second being JCAP 0411(2004)007, astro-ph/0309390; the third is a recent preprint, astro-ph/060506

Decelerating universes older than their Hubble times

Recent observations suggest that Hubble's constant is large, and hence that the Universe appears to be younger than some of its constituents. The traditional escape route, which assumes that the expansion is accelerating, appears to be blocked by observations of Type 1a supernovae, which suggest(ed) that the Universe is decelerating. These observations are reconciled in a model in which the Universe has experienced an inflationary phase in the recent past, driven by an ultra-light inflaton whose Compton wavelength is of the same order as the Hubble radius.Comment: This paper, which predates the famous quintessence paper, has not previously appeared on the e-Print archive. It is essentially a quintessence model without eternal acceleration. Such models are now very topical in the context of string theory. 9 pages, 5 figure

A roasted duck can still fly away: A case study of technology, nationality, culture and the rapid and early internationalization of the firm

The possession of key international technical standards in some technology-based sectors can provide considerable advantages for firms wishing to internationalize rapidly and early. Avaro, a start-up Korean company, developed and owned a critical standard in the emerging international mobile payments industry. The company also enjoyed many of the other conditions conducive to successful internationalization, such as supportive international networks, encouraging government policy, attractive international market and financing opportunities and a munificent national technological and business home base. Yet the company's efforts at rapid and early internationalization failed. A multiplicity of factors explains how, despite its advantages, the company did not internationalize successfully. The paper highlights the importance of specific national and cultural factors constraining rapid and early internationalization. It argues that the nascent research field of international entrepreneurship has fully to account for the particular characteristics of technology products and markets, national business systems, and enduring cultural influences as it develops theoretical understanding of, and guides management practices in, emerging global technology markets

"A roasted duck can still fly away": A case study of technology, nationality, culture and the rapid and early internationalization of the firm

The possession of key international technical standards in some technology-based sectors can provide considerable advantages for firms wishing to internationalize rapidly and early. Avaro, a start-up Korean company, developed and owned a critical standard in the emerging international mobile payments industry. The company also enjoyed many of the other conditions conducive to successful internationalization, such as supportive international networks, encouraging government policy, attractive international market and financing opportunities and a munificent national technological and business home base. Yet the company's efforts at rapid and early internationalization failed. A multiplicity of factors explains how, despite its advantages, the company did not internationalize successfully. The paper highlights the importance of specific national and cultural factors constraining rapid and early internationalization. It argues that the nascent research field of international entrepreneurship has fully to account for the particular characteristics of technology products and markets, national business systems, and enduring cultural influences as it develops theoretical understanding of, and guides management practices in, emerging global technology markets.Internationalization Technology-based entrepreneurship Technical standards National and cultural influences Korea

An integrated indicator system for patent portfolios: evidence from the telecommunications industry

Against the background of ‘patent portfolio races’ in industries such as telecommunications, this paper proposes a set of patent portfolio indicators to measure patents’ scale and diversity. This indicator system is used in a time series to analyse the patenting activity and technology strategy of the world’s top 20 firms in the telecommunication manufacturing industry, based on a large data set from United States Patent and Trade Office. In combination with composite and relative measures, we identify the firms’ comparative positions in patenting activity. The paper adds to the ongoing discussion about, and enriches the theory of, patent portfolios

Huawei's catch-up in the global telecommunication industry: innovation capability and transition to leadership

Using Huawei as an example, this paper analyses the catch-up process of latecomers from emerging markets during their transition towards global technological frontiers. We designed innovative indicators using USPTO patent data and used them to measure Huawei's catch-up in an established and an emerging technology field. We measure overall innovation capability (OIC) and core innovation capability (CIC), benchmarked against global forerunners, during its transition to industry leadership. Our findings indicate that Huawei built its OIC ahead of CIC. However, the effectiveness of its catch-up in CIC determined whether the latecomer firm achieved the leadership transition. Our findings make an important contribution to catch-up theory and carry significant implications for catching up firms and incumbent firms

Seizing windows of opportunity by using technology-building and market-seeking strategies in tandem: Huawei’s sustained catch-up in the global market

This paper analyzes the strategies by which Huawei, one of China’s few privately-owned multinational firms, responded to various windows of opportunity as technology, policy and demand changed during the evolution of the telecommunication industry between the late 1980s and 2014. Based on a historical longitudinal analysis, our in-depth case study unfolds the dynamic process by which Huawei utilized dual technology-building and market-seeking strategies to capitalize on those windows of opportunity and to achieve sustained catch-up, not only in technological capability but also in the global market. By linking strategy at the firm level to external conditions at the sector level, this paper contributes to theory on how latecomers develop firm-specific advantages and enriches our understanding of how they develop dynamic competitive advantage to achieve sustained catch-up