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    КниТная Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠ° М.М. ЦСхановского (ΠΊ 130-Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ со дня роТдСния Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°)

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    The purpose of the article is to consider the book design works of the famous graphic artist and animation movie director M.M.Β Tsekhanovsky (1889β€”1965), using the complex of bibliological, art historical and historiographic methods, to identify the most characteristic features of his creative method, to reconstruct the important stage of biography of the master, analysing previously unpublished archival materials. Already in the very first illustrative cycles, the artist finds his theme: he gives a clear preference to inanimate heroes, spectacularly and clearly depicts the attributes of modern life, symbols of technological progress. Further, making illustrations to the works of S.Y.Β Marshak, B.S.Β Zhitkov, M.Β Ilyin, he refines his artistry and takes the prominent place among the creators of children’s β€œmanufacturing”, technical, popular science books. He manages to adapt the extremely complex topics to the perception of a child, to fill dry language schemes, drawings or geographical maps with lively, exciting content and vivid imagery. The visual series of such graphic works is not a banal pictorial parallel of the text, its explanation, but it leads an independent party, significantly complements and enriches the content of the book. People appear quite rarely in these graphic series; they are treated very schematically and mechanistically, sometimes they seem to be the creations of the world of things and machines, so close to the artist. However, in the best works of M.M.Β Tsekhanovsky, and above all, in the illustrations to the famous β€œPost” by S.Y.Β Marshak, human images are shown generically, and at the same time individualized, endowed with characteristic, memorable features, clearly inscribed in the plot and rhythmic outline of the dynamic narrative. In the heritage of the master, there are also completely different works, indicating that he could become a remarkable animalist, illustrator of fairy tales or β€œadult” historical and revolutionary works. However, these sides of his talent were not demanded by the technocratic era of the 1920s. Transition of the artist from book graphics to cartoon animation was in some sense predetermined by the very nature of his talent: M.M.Β Tsekhanovsky was always interested in the problem of plastic transfer of movement and unification of disparate episodes into a coherent story.ЦСль ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ β€” Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ извСстного Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ рСТиссСра-Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° М.М. ЦСхановского (1889β€”1965), ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡ комплСкс книговСдчСских, искусствовСдчСских, источниковСдчСских ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²; Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π΅Π³ΠΎ творчСского ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°; Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ этап Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ мастСра, анализируя Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² самых ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ… Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ свою Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡƒ: ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ явноС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ гСроям Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, эффСктно ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹ соврСмСнного Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚Π°, символы тСхничСского прогрСсса. Π’ дальнСйшСм, оформляя произвСдСния Π‘.Π―.Β ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π‘.Π‘. Π–ΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, М. Ильина, Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ своС мастСрство, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ мСсто Π² ряду создатСлСй дСтской «производствСнной», тСхничСской, Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-популярной ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ. Π•ΠΌΡƒ удаСтся Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ слоТныС Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΡ‹, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ содСрТаниСм, яркой ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ суховатый язык схСмы, Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ°, гСографичСской ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π—Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ряд Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ являСтся банальной ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ тСкста, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·ΡŠΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡŽ, сущСствСнно дополняСт ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‰Π°Π΅Ρ‚ содСрТаниС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ. Π›ΡŽΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² этих графичСских сСриях достаточно Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ, Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ вСсьма схСматично ΠΈ мСханистично, подчас ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ каТутся пороТдСниями ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Π²Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ машин. Однако Π² Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ… М.М. ЦСхановского, ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго — Π² ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡΡ… ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠŸΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚Π΅Β» Π‘.Π―.Β ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ°ΠΊΠ°, чСловСчСскиС ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹, Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ вписаны Π² ΡΡŽΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π²Ρƒ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ повСствования. Π•ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² наслСдии мастСра ΠΈ произвСдСния совсСм ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ‹ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ анималистом, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ сказок ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ «взрослых» историко-Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сочинСний. Однако эти Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ вострСбованы тСхнократичСской эпохой 1920-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ рисованной ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ-Ρ‚ΠΎ смыслС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ самим Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ дарования, вСдь М.М. ЦСхановского всСгда интСрСсовала ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° пластичСской ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ двиТСния, объСдинСния Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… эпизодов Π² связный рассказ

    КниТная Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘.Π‘. Π’ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°

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    The article is devoted to the artwork of B.B. Titov, one of the most prolific and original domestic book artists, whose heritage is still understudied. Analyzing numerous covers and a few illustrative cycles, created by the master during the 1920s-1930s, the author reveals the characteristic features of the book graphics of B.B. Titov, as well as the circle of his favourite themes and techniques. In the laconic figurative drawings by the artist (usually contour or silhouette) there appeared characteristic of that age understanding of book graphics as a very conditional art, designed to reveal not common specifics, but β€œsymbolism of images”. In a most diverse and inventive manner the book artist works with the most hackneyed symbolic objects (hammer and sickle, two-headed eagle), each time playing with these characters in new ways, turning them into ornamental elements. Non-objective covers by Titov, often only associatively connected with the title and content of the book, designed very unusually, clearly detect proximity of the master to Art Deco style. Individuality of the artist appeared as well in a purely typography work, where letters and numbers, as if endowed with human characters, sometimes acting pretty strange, enter into complex relationships. Highly distinctive artwork of B.B. Titov, who managed to synthesize very different from each other stylistic trends, who defined the β€œgraphic outlook” of the products of such major publishers and publishing houses as Gosizdat, β€œFederatsia” (Federation), β€œZemlya i Fabrika” (Land and Factory), β€œProletarian” - is extremely interesting and significant, however, undervalued phenomenon of the Russian book culture.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна творчСству ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· самых ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ самобытных отСчСствСнных Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π‘.Π‘. Π’ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ наслСдиС Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ. Анализируя многочислСнныС ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ‹, созданныС мастСром Π² 1920-1930-Ρ… Π³Π³., Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ выявляСт Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ особСнности ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π‘.Π‘. Π’ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡŽΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ². Π’ Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ³ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… рисунках Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ - ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ силуэтных) ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ свойствСнноС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ эпохС ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ искусства ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ условного, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ, Π° «эмблСматику ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Β». Π£Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ с самой ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ символикой (сСрп ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚, Π΄Π²ΡƒΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π»), всякий Ρ€Π°Π· обыгрывая эти Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, прСвращая ΠΈΡ… Π² элСмСнты ΠΎΡ€Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°. БСспрСдмСтныС ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π‘.Π‘. Π’ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго - лишь ассоциативно соотнСсСнныС с Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ содСрТаниСм ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, построСнныС ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ, явствСнно ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ мастСра ΠΊ ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŽ Π°Ρ€-Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎ. Π˜Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π° ярко ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΈ Π² чисто ΡˆΡ€ΠΈΡ„Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ…, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠΊΠ²Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€Ρ‹ словно Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ чСловСчСскими Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, подчас Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‚ сСбя довольно странно, Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² слоТныС Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’ Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ стСпСни самобытноС творчСство Π‘.Π‘. Π’ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ Π½Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π° стилСвыС Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ «графичСский ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΒ» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Госиздат, «ЀСдСрация», «ЗСмля ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», Β«ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΒ» - ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ интСрСсноС ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, хотя ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ явлСниС отСчСствСнной ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹

    ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ графичСского оформлСния собраний сочинСний: ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° совСтских Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1920-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²

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    For the first time, there is presented the comprehensive analysis of the works of Soviet artists of book of the second half of the 1920s, engaged in the book design of the collected works. The flood of the book market with multi-volumes of fiction can be considered a kind of revenge of β€œbig forms”, reaction to the previous stage of book culture, where brochure played the leading role. In the second half of the 1920s, the collected works were most often published in soft-covers. Each volume could be issued as a separate book, strikingly different from the other volumes. This gave the artists a certain freedom of manoeuvre and allowed to break the ingrained stereotypes. There was widely used a spectacular technique: the cover drawing was the same for all volumes, but the colouring of each volume varied.The aim of the article is to expand the established ideas about the book design of the 1920s, to consider and introduce into scientific circulation the forgotten works of known artists. The author carried out the comparative analysis of the multi-volumes issued by the leading publishing houses of those years, using the complex of complementary methods: bibliological, art historical and general historical.Gosizdat was the undisputed leader in the quantitative indicators of publications of the collected works, but its artistic policy in that area was characterized by old-fashioned conservatism tended to minimize the visual elements. The famous publishing house β€œAcademia” in those years published the collected works quite rarely, but enriched the art of book with graphic cycles of such outstanding masters as V.A. Favorsky and N.P. Akimov. The book designers of the publishing house β€œZemlya i Fabrika” were particularly successful and consistent in updating the appearance of the collected works: their works had a broad stylistic range and tendency to experiment. Creative search of artists of the 1920s deserves the attention of book historians, designers, illustrators, publishers, because it can give them productive creative ideas.Π’ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ комплСксно Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ совСтских Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³., Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ собраний сочинСний. НаводнСниС ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ бСллСтристики ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ своСго Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡˆΠ΅ΠΌ Β«Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΒ», Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ этап ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π»Π° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΡŽΡ€Π°. Бобрания сочинСний Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго издавались Π²ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. Π² мягких ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ…. ΠšΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°, Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ свободу ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²Ρ€Π°, позволяло Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΡƒΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ стСрСотипы. Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ» ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ эффСктный ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ: рисунок ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ для всСх Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ раскраска.ЦСль Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ β€” Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ прСдставлСния ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³., Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ввСсти Π² Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π°Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ извСстных Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… Π»Π΅Ρ‚. Использован комплСкс Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: книговСдчСских, искусствовСдчСских, общСисторичСских.Госиздат являлся бСсспорным Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ количСствСнным показатСлям выпуска собраний сочинСний, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ худоТСствСнная ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² этой сфСрС ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ старомодной ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, тяготСла ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСмСнтов. Π—Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Academia Π² Ρ‚Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ выпускало собрания сочинСний Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ искусство ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ графичСскими Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ мастСров, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π’.А. Ѐаворский ΠΈ Н.П. Акимов. ОсобСнно ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ внСшний ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ собраний сочинСний обновляли ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° «ЗСмля ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β»: ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ стилистичСского Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΊ экспСримСнту. Искания Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ внимания историков ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ творчСскиС ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ

    Π’Π·Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π° Β«Π“Π°Π»Ρ‡ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΒ»

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    The article is devoted to the history of children's magazine β€œGalchonok” (1911-1913), which had anticipated many of the artistic, educational, journalistic innovations of the Soviet period, ahead of its time. There are described the works of the best Russian graphic artists of different directions: A.A.Radakov, N.V.Remizov, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, V.V. Lebedev, N.E. Radlov and others, published on pages of this edition.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна истории дСтского ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π° Β«Π“Π°Π»Ρ‡ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΒ» (1911-1913), ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡ…ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ худоТСствСнныС, пСдагогичСскиС, ТурналистскиС Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ совСтского ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ своС врСмя. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° страницах этого издания Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ… отСчСствСнных Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: А.А. Π Π°Π΄Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Н.Π’. Π Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°, М.Π’. ДобуТинского, Π’.Π’. Π›Π΅Π±Π΅Π΄Π΅Π²Π°, Н.Π­. Π Π°Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€

    Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² дСтской ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ 1920-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²

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    Reflection of the events of the October Revolution of 1917 in the domestic publications for children in the 1920-ies β€” early 1930-ies is a very significant and interesting, but insufficiently studied topic. This theme had been mainly explored from the standpoint of literary analysis, without considering peculiarities of the crucial component of the books graphics. In the article there is made an attempt to analyse mainly from the bibliological and art critical point of view a number of editions, directly or indirectly related to the theme of Revolution, to consider stylistic features of their external design, to identify the most typical art techniques used by illustrators of those years. The considered period is interesting because there were no ready-made models to emulate for the writers and artists, there were no rigid canons of the β€œRevolutionary children book”; the most important topic from the point of view of Soviet ideology had been mastered by trial-and-error method. In the mid-1920-ies, writers and graphic artists preferred the allegorical, fairy-tale interpretations of the Revolution theme: in the illustrative cycles of such different masters, as M.V. Dobuzhinsky, B.V. Joganson, D.A. Bulanov, V.S. Tvardovsky, the victorious revolts were committed in a fantastic country, in the kingdom of toys or in the world of animals. Rather unsuccessful should be recognized the experience of graphical interpretation of revolutionary themes with the use of heavy-weight allegories; much more convincing, though not undisputed, was the method of describing the class battles from the point of view of a child. In publications of the early 1930-ies, all sorts of allegory give way to the direct access to the historical events of 1917; however, the graphical language of the books remains conditional. In the works of A.I. Poret, P.M. Kondratyev, B.I. Inozemtsev, N.V. Svinenko, the epic scale of the Revolution is emphasized with the use of unexpected lines of sight, bold spatial solutions; and primitive style is often synthesized with the techniques of avant-garde art. Using different strategies of mythologization and poetization of the Revolution, illustrators were successfully resolving the problem of not only political, but also aesthetic education of the younger generation.ΠžΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ событий ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΡΠ±Ρ€ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ 1917 Π³. Π² отСчСствСнных изданиях для Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ 1920-Ρ… β€” Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° 1930-Ρ… Π³Π³. β€” вСсьма Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ интСрСсная, Π½ΠΎ малоисслСдованная Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ с литСратуровСдчСских ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, Π±Π΅Π· ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° особСнностСй ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ графичСской ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ряд ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, прямо ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ косвСнно связанных с Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ, прСимущСствСнно с книговСдчСской ΠΈ искусствовСдчСской Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ зрСния, Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ стилистичСскиС особСнности ΠΈΡ… внСшнСго оформлСния, Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… Π»Π΅Ρ‚. РассматриваСмый ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ интСрСсСн Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² для подраТания, Π΅Ρ‰Π΅ Π½Π΅ сущСствовало ТСстких ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Β«Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ дСтской ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΒ», ваТнСйшая с ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ совСтской ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ° осваивалась ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ± ΠΈ ошибок. Π’ сСрСдинС 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. писатСли ΠΈ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅, сказочныС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ: Π² ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ… Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… мастСров, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ М.Π’. ДобуТинский, Π‘.Π’. Иогансон, Π”.А. Π‘ΡƒΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π’.Π‘. Ввардовский побСдоносныС восстания ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΉ фантастичСской странС, Π² царствС ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. Π”ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ слСдуСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹ графичСского прочтСния Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΡŽΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ языка тяТСловСсных Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ; Π³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ, хотя ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ бСсспорным, оказался ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ изобраТСния классовых Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π² с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π’ изданиях Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° 1930-Ρ… Π³Π³. всСвозмоТныС иносказания ΡƒΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ мСсто прямому ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ историчСским событиям 1917 Π³., ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ графичСский язык ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ остаСтся достаточно условным. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ… А.И. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚, П.М. ΠšΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π²Π°, Π‘.И. Π˜Π½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΡ†Π΅Π²Π°, Н.Π’. Π‘Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ эпичСский ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π± Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ подчСркиваСтся Π·Π° счСт Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ракурсов, смСлых пространствСнных Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, примитивистская стилистика часто синтСзируСтся с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ авангардистского искусства. Π˜ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ стратСгии ΠΌΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ поэтизации Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ политичСского, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ эстСтичСского воспитания ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ поколСния

    ГрафичСскоС ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° «ЗСмля ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β»

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    The article is devoted to the graphic design of books of one of the most productive and successfulΒ co-operative publishing houses of 1920-ies β€” β€œZemlya i fabrika” (Land and factory) (ZIF). The authorΒ examines the circle of artists who collaborated with the publisher (from β€œmiriskussniki” (members of β€œMirΒ iskusstva” (World of Art)) to constructivist artists), emphasizes the breadth of stylistic range of the proposedΒ plastic solutions. The advantages and shortcomings of β€œsensational style” of design are considered atΒ the example of books included in the series β€œLibrary of Satire and Humor”. It is also important the experienceΒ in publishing the literature for children, although not all the publications of this kind were successful.Β For the research there were used the editions stored in the holdings of the Russian State Library, andΒ documents from the collection of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI).Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна графичСскому ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· самых ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π² 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. β€” «ЗСмля ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Π±Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β» (Π—Π˜Π€). ВыявлСн ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²,Β ΡΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… с ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΡ‚ «мирискусников» Π΄ΠΎ конструктивистов), ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π°Β ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠΌΠΈ пластичСских Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Достоинства ΠΈ нСдостатки «сСнсационного стиля» оформлСния Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ «БиблиотСка сатиры ΠΈ ΡŽΠΌΠΎΡ€Π°Β». ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ издания дСтской Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹, хотя Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ всС ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈΒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ издания, хранящиСся Π² основном Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ Российской государствСнной Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· собрания Российского государствСнного архива Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ искусства

    Издания М.М. Π—ΠΎΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³. ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… графичСскоС ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅

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    There are analysed the specific features of graphic design of the books by the famous writersatirist M. Zoshchenko, released in the 1920-ies; that period was especially fruitful in the works of the Master, and in the publishing fate of his works. There are considered in detail the original ways of graphic interpretation of the writer works, outlined in those years, but not received the further development. For example, depicting on the book cover not the characters themselves, but their habitats or the attributes of philistine life, styling the book design under pre-revolutionary cheap popular crude coloured woodcuts edition. On the example of the works of N.E. Radlov, B.I. Antonovsky, K.P. Rotov, A.A. Uspensky, K.S. Eliseev there are identified the advantages and disadvantages of a purely comical interpretation of the images by the satirists. The undoubted merit of the graphic artists is bright grotesque, convincing social character types drawn in the stories. However, almost none of the book designers and illustrators were able to convey plastically the stylistic originality of the works of M.M. Zoshchenko.ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ особСнности графичСского оформлСния ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ писатСля-сатирика М.М. Π—ΠΎΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ, Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² 1920-Ρ… Π³Π³.; этот ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π±Ρ‹Π» особСнно ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ Π² творчСствС мастСра, ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡƒΠ΄ΡŒΠ±Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Ρ‚Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ дальнСйшСго развития ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ способы ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ сочинСний писатСля. НапримСр, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π½Π΅ самих Π³Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΅Π², Π° срСды ΠΈΡ… обитания ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ² мСщанского Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚Π°, стилизация ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. На ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Н.Π­. Π Π°Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π‘.И. Антоновского, К.П. Π ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°, А.А. УспСнского, К.Π‘. ЕлисССва Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ достоинства ΠΈ нСдостатки чисто ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ истолкования ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² сатирика. НСсомнСнной заслугой Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² являСтся ярко-гротСскный, ΡƒΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²Ρ‹Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² рассказах. Однако ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² сборников М.М. Π—ΠΎΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ пластичСски ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ стилистичСскоС своСобразиС этих ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ

    ΠΠΠΠ›Π˜Π— Π‘Π’ΠΠ’Π˜Π‘Π’Π˜Π§Π•Π‘ΠšΠ˜Π₯ ΠŸΠžΠšΠΠ—ΠΠ’Π•Π›Π•Π™ Π­ΠšΠ‘ΠŸΠ›Π£ΠΠ’ΠΠ¦Π˜Π˜ ΠžΠ‘ΠͺΠ•ΠšΠ’ΠžΠ’ ΠŸΠ•Π Π’Π˜Π§ΠΠžΠ“Πž РЫНКА ΠΠ•Π”Π’Π˜Π–Π˜ΠœΠžΠ‘Π’Π˜ Π’ ΠœΠžΠ‘ΠšΠžΠ’Π‘ΠšΠžΠœ Π Π•Π“Π˜ΠžΠΠ•

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    This article focuses on selected aspects ofthe statistical study of the primary real estatemarket of Moscow region, in particular inthe Moscow region. The paper describesthe main indicators of use of objects of theprimary market of housing and other facilities on the basis of the lease, identifi ed and analyzed the main trends of supply anddemand for residential and non-residential premises, as well as future development ofthis segment of the market economy.Данная ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ аспСктам статистичСского изучСния ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° нСдвиТимости московского Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°, Π² частности Π² Московской области. ВработСрассмотрСныосновныС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, выявлСныи ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ основныС Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ спроса ΠΈ прСдлоТСния Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ»Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ нСТилыСпомСщСния, обозначСныпСрспСктивы дальнСйшСго развития Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сСгмСнта Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ экономики

    Synthesis of silymarinβˆ’selenium nanoparticle conjugate and examination of its biological activity in vitro

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    Silymarin (Sil) was conjugated to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to increase Sil bioavailability. The conjugates were monodisperse; the average diameter of the native SeNPs was ~ 20-50 Β± 1.5 nm, whereas that of the conjugates was 30-50 Β± 0.5 nm. The use of SeNPs to increase the bioavailability of Sil was examined with the MH-22a, EPNT-5, HeLa, Hep-2, and SPEV-2 cell lines. The EPNT-5 (glioblastoma) cells were the most sensitive to the conjugates compared to the conjugate-free control. The conjugates increased the activity of cellular dehydrogenases and promoted the penetration of Sil into the intracellular space. Possibly, SeNPs play the main part in Sil penetration of cells and Sil penetration is not associated with phagocytosis. Thus, SeNPs are promising for use as a Sil carrier and as protective antigens

    Structure and formation conditions of the Yarakta productive horizon of the Late Vendian in the southern part of the Nepsko-Botuobinskaya Anticlise

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    The relevance. Eastern Siberia is a region with large raw material resources that plays a crucial role in development of Russian oil and gas complex. Since the 1970s, active exploration for hydrocarbons has been underway in the Nepsko-Botuobinskaya Anteclise. One of the main targets for development are terrigenous Vendian deposits, in which up to half of the region hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated. Therefore, for optimal development of the fields confined to them, a detailed study of lithological factors of formation of terrigenous reservoirs is required. The main aim. Lithological and facies analysis is used to reconstruct and trace the evolution of sedimentation conditions of the Yarakta productive horizon of the Nepa Formation. Objects. Terrigenous deposits of the Yarakta productive horizon of the Upper Nepa subformation of the Upper Vendian Formation, uncovered by deep drilling in the area of the Yarakta field. Methods. Mineralogical-petrographic study of core material, facial analysis of lithological rock types, correlation. Results. The Yarakta productive horizon was formed during Late Nepa time. At that time, there was a partly subaerial and to a greater extent subaerial delta plain (lower delta plain) within the tidal plain. It is assumed to be a delta of advancement on a coast dominated by tidal activity and to a lesser extent by wave activity (mixed type of coast). In the subsequent transgression, in the late Nepean time (upper part of the strata), a bar system began to form in place of the delta plain with the bars advancing toward the coastline in the northwestern direction. The bars had an elongated lentil-shaped shape along the conditional coastline. During the formation of the bars, due to the active wave and tidal activity, the sediments carried out by the delta were redeposited and re-sorted. At the Late Nepa and Early Tertiary boundary, the entire area was a shallow intertidal and terrigenous sebha (lagoon) with clay-siltstone sediments and sulfate-carbonate inclusions in them; sometimes, sandy sediments of small intertidal channels or sandbanks are noted in them. Improved filtration-capacitative properties are associated with the facies of distributary subaquatic channels and large (active) tidal channels
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