28 research outputs found
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π.Π. Π¦Π΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΊ 130-Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°)
The purpose of the article is to consider the book design works of the famous graphic artist and animation movie director M.M.Β Tsekhanovsky (1889β1965), using the complex of bibliological, art historical and historiographic methods, to identify the most characteristic features of his creative method, to reconstruct the important stage of biography of the master, analysing previously unpublished archival materials. Already in the very first illustrative cycles, the artist finds his theme: he gives a clear preference to inanimate heroes, spectacularly and clearly depicts the attributes of modern life, symbols of technological progress. Further, making illustrations to the works of S.Y.Β Marshak, B.S.Β Zhitkov, M.Β Ilyin, he refines his artistry and takes the prominent place among the creators of childrenβs βmanufacturingβ, technical, popular science books. He manages to adapt the extremely complex topics to the perception of a child, to fill dry language schemes, drawings or geographical maps with lively, exciting content and vivid imagery. The visual series of such graphic works is not a banal pictorial parallel of the text, its explanation, but it leads an independent party, significantly complements and enriches the content of the book. People appear quite rarely in these graphic series; they are treated very schematically and mechanistically, sometimes they seem to be the creations of the world of things and machines, so close to the artist. However, in the best works of M.M.Β Tsekhanovsky, and above all, in the illustrations to the famous βPostβ by S.Y.Β Marshak, human images are shown generically, and at the same time individualized, endowed with characteristic, memorable features, clearly inscribed in the plot and rhythmic outline of the dynamic narrative. In the heritage of the master, there are also completely different works, indicating that he could become a remarkable animalist, illustrator of fairy tales or βadultβ historical and revolutionary works. However, these sides of his talent were not demanded by the technocratic era of the 1920s. Transition of the artist from book graphics to cartoon animation was in some sense predetermined by the very nature of his talent: M.M.Β Tsekhanovsky was always interested in the problem of plastic transfer of movement and unification of disparate episodes into a coherent story.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°-Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π.Π. Π¦Π΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (1889β1965), ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²; Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°; ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ
Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘.Π―.Β ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π.Π‘. ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Π. ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉΒ», ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΠΌΡ ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°, Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π.Π. Π¦Π΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ β Π² ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ Β«ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Β» Π‘.Π―.Β ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π²Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Β» ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΉ 1920-Ρ
Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ-ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π.Π.Β Π¦Π΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π.Π. Π’ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°
The article is devoted to the artwork of B.B. Titov, one of the most prolific and original domestic book artists, whose heritage is still understudied. Analyzing numerous covers and a few illustrative cycles, created by the master during the 1920s-1930s, the author reveals the characteristic features of the book graphics of B.B. Titov, as well as the circle of his favourite themes and techniques. In the laconic figurative drawings by the artist (usually contour or silhouette) there appeared characteristic of that age understanding of book graphics as a very conditional art, designed to reveal not common specifics, but βsymbolism of imagesβ. In a most diverse and inventive manner the book artist works with the most hackneyed symbolic objects (hammer and sickle, two-headed eagle), each time playing with these characters in new ways, turning them into ornamental elements. Non-objective covers by Titov, often only associatively connected with the title and content of the book, designed very unusually, clearly detect proximity of the master to Art Deco style. Individuality of the artist appeared as well in a purely typography work, where letters and numbers, as if endowed with human characters, sometimes acting pretty strange, enter into complex relationships. Highly distinctive artwork of B.B. Titov, who managed to synthesize very different from each other stylistic trends, who defined the βgraphic outlookβ of the products of such major publishers and publishing houses as Gosizdat, βFederatsiaβ (Federation), βZemlya i Fabrikaβ (Land and Factory), βProletarianβ - is extremely interesting and significant, however, undervalued phenomenon of the Russian book culture.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π.Π. Π’ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² 1920-1930-Ρ
Π³Π³., Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π.Π. Π’ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ². Π Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ - ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
) ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΡ, Π° Β«ΡΠΌΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Β». Π£Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π΄Π²ΡΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»), Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ³ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π.Π. Π’ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ - Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π°Ρ-Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π.Π. Π’ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Β«Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΒ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ, Β«Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΒ», Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉΒ» - ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1920-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
For the first time, there is presented the comprehensive analysis of the works of Soviet artists of book of the second half of the 1920s, engaged in the book design of the collected works. The flood of the book market with multi-volumes of fiction can be considered a kind of revenge of βbig formsβ, reaction to the previous stage of book culture, where brochure played the leading role. In the second half of the 1920s, the collected works were most often published in soft-covers. Each volume could be issued as a separate book, strikingly different from the other volumes. This gave the artists a certain freedom of manoeuvre and allowed to break the ingrained stereotypes. There was widely used a spectacular technique: the cover drawing was the same for all volumes, but the colouring of each volume varied.The aim of the article is to expand the established ideas about the book design of the 1920s, to consider and introduce into scientific circulation the forgotten works of known artists. The author carried out the comparative analysis of the multi-volumes issued by the leading publishing houses of those years, using the complex of complementary methods: bibliological, art historical and general historical.Gosizdat was the undisputed leader in the quantitative indicators of publications of the collected works, but its artistic policy in that area was characterized by old-fashioned conservatism tended to minimize the visual elements. The famous publishing house βAcademiaβ in those years published the collected works quite rarely, but enriched the art of book with graphic cycles of such outstanding masters as V.A. Favorsky and N.P. Akimov. The book designers of the publishing house βZemlya i Fabrikaβ were particularly successful and consistent in updating the appearance of the collected works: their works had a broad stylistic range and tendency to experiment. Creative search of artists of the 1920s deserves the attention of book historians, designers, illustrators, publishers, because it can give them productive creative ideas.ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³., Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Β«Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΒ», ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³. Π² ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΡ. Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ: ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³., ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
.ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Academia Π² ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π.Π. Π€Π°Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π.Π. ΠΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β»: ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³. Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ
ΠΠ·Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π° Β«ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΒ»
The article is devoted to the history of children's magazine βGalchonokβ (1911-1913), which had anticipated many of the artistic, educational, journalistic innovations of the Soviet period, ahead of its time. There are described the works of the best Russian graphic artists of different directions: A.A.Radakov, N.V.Remizov, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, V.V. Lebedev, N.E. Radlov and others, published on pages of this edition.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π° Β«ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΒ» (1911-1913), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: Π.Π. Π Π°Π΄Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Π.Π. Π Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π.Π. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π.Π. ΠΠ΅Π±Π΅Π΄Π΅Π²Π°, Π.Π. Π Π°Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ
Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ 1920-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
Reflection of the events of the October Revolution of 1917 in the domestic publications for children in the 1920-ies β early 1930-ies is a very significant and interesting, but insufficiently studied topic. This theme had been mainly explored from the standpoint of literary analysis, without considering peculiarities of the crucial component of the books graphics. In the article there is made an attempt to analyse mainly from the bibliological and art critical point of view a number of editions, directly or indirectly related to the theme of Revolution, to consider stylistic features of their external design, to identify the most typical art techniques used by illustrators of those years. The considered period is interesting because there were no ready-made models to emulate for the writers and artists, there were no rigid canons of the βRevolutionary children bookβ; the most important topic from the point of view of Soviet ideology had been mastered by trial-and-error method. In the mid-1920-ies, writers and graphic artists preferred the allegorical, fairy-tale interpretations of the Revolution theme: in the illustrative cycles of such different masters, as M.V. Dobuzhinsky, B.V. Joganson, D.A. Bulanov, V.S. Tvardovsky, the victorious revolts were committed in a fantastic country, in the kingdom of toys or in the world of animals. Rather unsuccessful should be recognized the experience of graphical interpretation of revolutionary themes with the use of heavy-weight allegories; much more convincing, though not undisputed, was the method of describing the class battles from the point of view of a child. In publications of the early 1930-ies, all sorts of allegory give way to the direct access to the historical events of 1917; however, the graphical language of the books remains conditional. In the works of A.I. Poret, P.M. Kondratyev, B.I. Inozemtsev, N.V. Svinenko, the epic scale of the Revolution is emphasized with the use of unexpected lines of sight, bold spatial solutions; and primitive style is often synthesized with the techniques of avant-garde art. Using different strategies of mythologization and poetization of the Revolution, illustrators were successfully resolving the problem of not only political, but also aesthetic education of the younger generation.ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ 1917 Π³. Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 1920-Ρ
β Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° 1930-Ρ
Π³Π³. β Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»Π΅Ρ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Β«ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΒ», Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³. ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: Π² ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π.Π. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π.Π. ΠΠΎΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ½, Π.Π. ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π.Π‘. Π’Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ; Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° 1930-Ρ
Π³Π³. Π²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ 1917 Π³., ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π.Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ, Π.Π. ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°, Π.Π. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Π²Π°, Π.Π. Π‘Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π± ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β»
The article is devoted to the graphic design of books of one of the most productive and successfulΒ co-operative publishing houses of 1920-ies β βZemlya i fabrikaβ (Land and factory) (ZIF). The authorΒ examines the circle of artists who collaborated with the publisher (from βmiriskussnikiβ (members of βMirΒ iskusstvaβ (World of Art)) to constructivist artists), emphasizes the breadth of stylistic range of the proposedΒ plastic solutions. The advantages and shortcomings of βsensational styleβ of design are considered atΒ the example of books included in the series βLibrary of Satire and Humorβ. It is also important the experienceΒ in publishing the literature for children, although not all the publications of this kind were successful.Β For the research there were used the editions stored in the holdings of the Russian State Library, andΒ documents from the collection of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI).Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³. β Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β» (ΠΠΠ€). ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²,Β ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΡ Β«ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Β» Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²), ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°Β ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Β«ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΒ» ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Β ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Β». ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π.Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ 1920-Ρ Π³Π³. ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
There are analysed the specific features of graphic design of the books by the famous writersatirist M. Zoshchenko, released in the 1920-ies; that period was especially fruitful in the works of the Master, and in the publishing fate of his works. There are considered in detail the original ways of graphic interpretation of the writer works, outlined in those years, but not received the further development. For example, depicting on the book cover not the characters themselves, but their habitats or the attributes of philistine life, styling the book design under pre-revolutionary cheap popular crude coloured woodcuts edition. On the example of the works of N.E. Radlov, B.I. Antonovsky, K.P. Rotov, A.A. Uspensky, K.S. Eliseev there are identified the advantages and disadvantages of a purely comical interpretation of the images by the satirists. The undoubted merit of the graphic artists is bright grotesque, convincing social character types drawn in the stories. However, almost none of the book designers and illustrators were able to convey plastically the stylistic originality of the works of M.M. Zoshchenko.ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π.Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² 1920-Ρ
Π³Π³.; ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΅Π², Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π.Π. Π Π°Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π.Π. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π.Π. Π ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°, Π.Π. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π.Π‘. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π΅Π²Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π.Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘Π’ΠΠ’ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ£ΠΠ’ΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠΠͺΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ Π Π«ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π Π ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠ
This article focuses on selected aspects ofthe statistical study of the primary real estatemarket of Moscow region, in particular inthe Moscow region. The paper describesthe main indicators of use of objects of theprimary market of housing and other facilities on the basis of the lease, identiο¬ ed and analyzed the main trends of supply anddemand for residential and non-residential premises, as well as future development ofthis segment of the market economy.ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Synthesis of silymarinβselenium nanoparticle conjugate and examination of its biological activity in vitro
Silymarin (Sil) was conjugated to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to increase Sil bioavailability. The conjugates were monodisperse; the average diameter of the native SeNPs was ~ 20-50 Β± 1.5 nm, whereas that of the conjugates was 30-50 Β± 0.5 nm. The use of SeNPs to increase the bioavailability of Sil was examined with the MH-22a, EPNT-5, HeLa, Hep-2, and SPEV-2 cell lines. The EPNT-5 (glioblastoma) cells were the most sensitive to the conjugates compared to the conjugate-free control. The conjugates increased the activity of cellular dehydrogenases and promoted the penetration of Sil into the intracellular space. Possibly, SeNPs play the main part in Sil penetration of cells and Sil penetration is not associated with phagocytosis. Thus, SeNPs are promising for use as a Sil carrier and as protective antigens
Structure and formation conditions of the Yarakta productive horizon of the Late Vendian in the southern part of the Nepsko-Botuobinskaya Anticlise
The relevance. Eastern Siberia is a region with large raw material resources that plays a crucial role in development of Russian oil and gas complex. Since the 1970s, active exploration for hydrocarbons has been underway in the Nepsko-Botuobinskaya Anteclise. One of the main targets for development are terrigenous Vendian deposits, in which up to half of the region hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated. Therefore, for optimal development of the fields confined to them, a detailed study of lithological factors of formation of terrigenous reservoirs is required. The main aim. Lithological and facies analysis is used to reconstruct and trace the evolution of sedimentation conditions of the Yarakta productive horizon of the Nepa Formation. Objects. Terrigenous deposits of the Yarakta productive horizon of the Upper Nepa subformation of the Upper Vendian Formation, uncovered by deep drilling in the area of the Yarakta field. Methods. Mineralogical-petrographic study of core material, facial analysis of lithological rock types, correlation. Results. The Yarakta productive horizon was formed during Late Nepa time. At that time, there was a partly subaerial and to a greater extent subaerial delta plain (lower delta plain) within the tidal plain. It is assumed to be a delta of advancement on a coast dominated by tidal activity and to a lesser extent by wave activity (mixed type of coast). In the subsequent transgression, in the late Nepean time (upper part of the strata), a bar system began to form in place of the delta plain with the bars advancing toward the coastline in the northwestern direction. The bars had an elongated lentil-shaped shape along the conditional coastline. During the formation of the bars, due to the active wave and tidal activity, the sediments carried out by the delta were redeposited and re-sorted. At the Late Nepa and Early Tertiary boundary, the entire area was a shallow intertidal and terrigenous sebha (lagoon) with clay-siltstone sediments and sulfate-carbonate inclusions in them; sometimes, sandy sediments of small intertidal channels or sandbanks are noted in them. Improved filtration-capacitative properties are associated with the facies of distributary subaquatic channels and large (active) tidal channels