Methodology for urbanized watersheds parameters ascertainment

The paper presents elaborated methodology for Saint Petersburg and its outskirts watersheds parameters ascertainment. The methodology is based on usage of the digital terrain model, which was created as result of topographic maps digitalization. Usage of the most popular global digital terrain models such as SRTM, ASTER GDEM makes difficulties under the conditions of big cities. The models were processed on the base of Earth surface radar mapping. Therefore, the altitude values have distortions due to the radar signal reflection from roofs, structures, trees, scrubs, and so on. Thus, the global models include noisy data. The distortions can lead to mistakes at determination of the watersheds boundaries. Topographic maps digitalization allows elaborating of digital terrain models without distortions of the altitude values. The watersheds boundaries ascertainment was carried out by means of the ArcGIS tool Watershed. In addition, we use for the ascertainment and determination of the catchments areas structure some tools of Quantum GIS (QGIS) and SAGA

Spatial-temporal coherence of different scale hydrological processes in the Lena River delta

The Lena River delta is one of the hydrologically entertaining objects. Hundreds channels and thousands lakes as well as thawing ice complex and permafrost active layer dynamic allow to investigate spatial-temporal coherence of different scale hydrological processes. During 15 years Russian-German scientific collaboration on hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological studies have been operated on different water objects for cause-effect relation of large and specific micro processes indication. Transient liquid-frozen water phase change is significant not only for active layer runoff forming but also for hydrochemical and biological specific. Thus, maximum of DOC is in the overlaying soil layer than permafrost border [Bobrova et al., 2013]. It could be used for modeling of runoff forming and biological activity estimation. Measured temperature of lacustrine bottom sediment of one thermokarst lake on Samoylov Island shows maximal volume 3,7 °C on 1,75 cm beneath water-sediment border [Skorospekhova, 2015]. It is also can be interpreted as biological processes activity, for example, organic material destruction with additional heating. It could be observed more detail and can be used for modeling of a lake thermic regime. Hydrobiological specificity shows similarity of species in the channels and lakes, poorness of biodiversity, especially in big channel; only stagnant in summer season Bulkurskaya channel has more zooplankton species in four times than the main river channel [Nigamatzyanova et al., 2015]. Decline of water turbidity from the delta top to channel edges is about 5-8 times [Charkin et al., 2009]. Considerable turbidity increase is formed according to permafrost thawing and can reach 500 g l-1 including high concentration of carbon and biogenic elements. Thermokarst lake degradation [Morgenstern et al., 2011] plays also an important role for permafrost hydrology in the delta. Outflow from an ice complex forms a high local suspended supply in adjacent river branches and influences on biological processes consequently [Dubinenkov et al., 2015]. Underestimated effect of water and sediment discharge increase in the middle part of river branches had been marked [Fedorova et al., 2015]. Head flux of the large Lena River forms taliks under channels with more sophisticated affect in the shoreline zone of the Laptev Sea due to aquifer dynamic and mixing of fresh and salt water. Talik effect on hydrology and sedimentation (and suspended material transformation) in the central part of the delta is currently carried out according to geophysical and hydrogeological methods. First field measurements are planned to be done in April 2016 and results will be presented in the ICOP 2016. The studies have been done with support of RFBR grant 14-05-00787 and 15-35-50949, in the framework of Russian-German projects “ CarboPerm” and “Scientific station “Samoylov Island”. The project for both SPBU and DFG funding had also applied for field and scientific investigation as well. References Bobrova, O.; Fedorova, I.; Chetverova, A.; Runkle, B. and Potapova, T. Input of Dissolved Organic Carbon for Typical Lakes in Tundra Based on Field Data of the Expedition Lena–2012. In Proceedings of the 19th International Northern Research Basins Symposium and Workshop, Southcentral Alaska, USA – August 11–17, 2013, 2013. Charkin, A.N.; Dudarev, O.V.; Semiletov, I.P.; Fedorova, I.; Chetverova, A.A.; J., Vonk; Sanchez- Garcia, L.; Gustafsson, ö. and Andersson, P. edimentation in the System of the Delta Lena River - the South Western Part of Buor-Haya Gulf (the Laptev Sea). In The 16th International Symposium on Polar Sciences. Incheon, Korea. 2009, 2009. Dubinenkov, I.; Flerus, R.; Schmitt-Kopplin, P.; Kattner, G. and Koch, B.P. [2015]: Origin-specific molecular signatures of dissolved organic matter in the Lena Delta. Biogeochemistry, 123(1):1–14, doi:10.1007/s10533-014-0049-0. Fedorova, I.; Chetverova, A.; Bolshiyanov, D.; Makarov, A.; Boike, J.; Heim, B.; Morgenstern, A.; Overduin, P. P.; Wegner, C.; Kashina, V.; Eulenburg, A.; Dobrotina, E. and Sidorina, I. [2015]: Lena delta hydrology and geochemistry: long-term hydrological data and recent field observations. Biogeosciences, 12(2):345–363, doi:10.5194/bg-12-345-2015. Morgenstern, A.; Grosse, G.; Günther, F.; Fedorova, I. and Schirrmeister, L. [2011]: Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta. The Cryosphere, 5(4):849–867, doi:10.5194/tc-5-849-2011. Nigamatzyanova, G.; Frolova, L.; Chetverova, A. and Fedorova, I. Hydrobiological investigation of branches of the Lena River edge zone. In Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta, Seriya Estestvennye Nauki. 2015. in Russian. Skorospekhova, T. Report of a spring campaign of the expedition “Lena 2015”. AARI’s library stock, 2015

Experimental Investigations of the Vertical Sounding Radar Layout

Одной из проблем современных радиотехнических войск страны является невозможность обнаружения маловысотных малоразмерных воздушных объектов над позицией радиотехнического подразделения, что обусловлено наличием мертвой воронки зон обнаружения обзорных РЛС. Решением данной проблемы может быть применение мобильных малогабаритных РЛС вертикального зондирования. В статье приведены состав и структура макета РЛС ВЗ с малоэлементной антенной решеткой, а также результаты его экспериментальных исследований. В ходе проведения экспериментов было исследовано влияние структуры зондирующего сигнала на качество получаемой информации. В качестве зондирующих сигналов были использованы обыкновенные радиоимпульсы, 7- и 13-разрядные коды Баркера с изменением несущей частоты от 48 до 55 МГц, длительности сигнала от 1 до 10 мкс и периода повторения от 10 до 300 мкс. Анализ результатов обработки выборок отраженных сигналов по дальности показал реальные мощные отражения сигнала от подстилающей поверхности и приземного облачного слоя, а также небольшие по мощности отражения от неоднородностей атмосферы и воздушных объектов, которые и представляют научный интерес. В процессе натурных испытаний был обнаружен трассовый самолет, измерены его текущие координаты, составлен радиолокационный портрет воздушного судна. Результаты экспериментальных исследований позволили сделать вывод о перспективности применения РЛС ВЗ для обнаружения маловысотных малоразмерных воздушных объектов и исследования атмосферы. Макет РЛС ВЗ показал свою работоспособность и имеет большой технический потенциал по дальнейшему улучшению характеристикOne of the problems of modern radio engineering troops is the impossibility of detecting low-altitude small-sized air objects over the position of a radio engineering unit. This is due to the presence of a dead funnel of surveillance radar detection zones. The solution to this problem can be the use of mobile small-sized vertical sounding radars. The article presents the composition and structure of a model of a vertical sounding radar station with a low-element antenna array, as well as the results of its experimental studies. In the course of the experiments, the influence of the structure of the probing signal on the quality of the information received was studied. Ordinary radio pulses, 7- and 13-bit Barker codes with a change in carrier frequency from 48 to 55 MHz, signal duration from 1 to 10 μs, and repetition period from 10 to 300 μs were used as probing signals. An analysis of the results of processing samples of reflected signals by range showed real powerful signal reflections from the underlying surface and the surface cloud layer, as well as small reflections from atmospheric inhomogeneities and air objects, which are of scientific interest. In the process of full-scale tests, a highway aircraft was found, its current coordinates were measured, and a radar portrait of the aircraft was compiled. The results of experimental studies allowed us to conclude that the use of vertical sounding radar stations for detecting low-altitude small-sized air objects and studying the atmosphere is promising. The model of the vertical sounding radar has shown its efficiency and has a great technical potential for further improvement of performanc

STUCTURAL AND LOGICAL FORMS OF PRESENTING EDUCATION CURRICULAR OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

A new approach of presenting education curricular is suggested& The new form will enhance quality of planning of educational process in the higher education institutions. Possible variants of employing the suggested form alongside with the information system of Federal Service of Supervision in the Sphere of Education and Science “Plans of HPE”. We present a description of electronic tables on the basis of the suggested structural and logical form

Watershed of a small river as source of contaminants and biogenic elements

There is considered methodology of estimation of contaminants and biogenic elements intake into water objects from urban watersheds by municipal non-point runoff. We used the Volkovka River in St. Petersburg and its watershed for the research because the watershed is characterized by high degree of variety and includes all possible types of urban areas: multi-storey residential constructions, industrial areas, green spaces, cemeteries, wastelands, and even agricultural areas. The research included the monitoring data processing, the watershed analysis by GIS-technologies, and field studies

Development of monitoring of water bodies ecological status by the example of small lakes in the North-western Ladoga region

By the example of the Suuri Lake (0.37 km2) situated in the North-Western Ladoga region, modern aspects of monitoring the ecological state of water bodies are generalized, including 1) assessment of the rates of mass transfer processes in water ecosystems and the factors affecting them; 2) assessment of the integrated properties of water bodies and their ecosystems based on hierarchical schemes summarizing information about the state of subsystems and their properties in the form of composite indices. The results of the study in 2019 are visualized. Quantitative estimates of the chemical and biological composition and physical properties of the aquatic ecosystem, mass transfer rates, factors influencing them are obtained; the values of the integral indicators for the subsystem and their properties (productivity, water quality, stability) and the integral indicators of the systems and their integrative properties as a whole (ecological status, ecological wellbeing) are estimated. The temporal dynamics of the processes, component composition and complex properties of the aquatic ecosystem are investigated

Investigation of the Directional Characteristics of the Antenna of the Satellite Earth Station Using the Spiral Scanning Method

В статье изложены результаты экспериментальных исследований антенны земной станции спутниковой связи, представляющей собой двухзеркальную конструкцию схемы Кассегрена с параболическим рефлектором, диаметром 1,2 м, выполненных с помощью сферического сканера методом спирального сканирования. Построены диаграммы направленности антенны, проведен анализ причин отклонения измеренных характеристик направленности от рассчитанныхResults of earth station antenna experimental studies of satellite communication were shown. This antenna looks like two-mirror construction designed by Cassegrain circuit with parabolic reflector, which diameter is 1.2 m. This results made with help of spherical scanner by spiral scanning method. Antenna directional patterns were constructed. Deviation reasons of the measured directional characteristics from the calculated ones were analyze