27 research outputs found
Egyptian Jatropha oil extraction for biodiesel production
Biodiesel is the most desirable biofuel economically andtechnically and it can be made from any vegetable oil. InEGYPT jatropha oil seems to be the best source for biodiesel production because jatropha tree is easily growing and easily propagated.Also jatropha tree thrives in marginal and desert areas that are unable to support crops and it can be irrigated with primary treated municipal wastewater.The main purpose of this investigation is to compare andoptimize the oil yield extracted from jatropha seeds on both bench and pilot scale.Different solvents under different extraction conditions were studied to determine optimum solvent type, solid: liquid ratio and extraction time which gave maximum oil yield.Oil extracted specifications, losses in seeds dehulling &washing, losses in solvent used and extracted meal analysis& uses were also concluded
Biodiesel production from Jatropha seeds using heterogeneous integrated extraction reaction process
Integrated extraction and transesterification process forbiodiesel production from Jatropha Curcas (JCL) seeds using hexane and methanol via base catalyzed transesterificationis reported in this paper.The effects of reaction time, catalyst dose, liquid to solidratio, type of solvent and grain size of JCL seeds onbiodiesel production were investigated. It was found thathexane played the role of both co – solvent and co – extractantwhich enhanced the efficiency of oil extraction and facilitated mass transfer. The highest biodiesel yield (90.8%) was obtained at hexane to seed ratio of 5:1 (vol /wt), methanol to seed ratio 1:1 (vol /wt), activated Ca O of 1% by wt of seeds, stirring speed 700 rpm, temperature of 70°C at reaction time 6 hours
Studying the ultrasonic assisted transesterification of castor oil by using factorial design for optimization of biodiesel production
This work presents the biodiesel production from castor oil with methanol in presence of potassium hydroxide as catalyst at room temperature using ultrasonic bath. A factorial design of experiments and a central composite design have been used to evaluate the influence of operating conditions on biodiesel synthesis from inedible castor oil. The response chosen was viscosity while the variables studied were catalyst concentration and the methanol/vegetable oil molar ratio at room temperature in an ultrasonic bath. The methanol/vegetable oil molar ratio is the most important factor, having a negative influence on viscosity.The catalyst concentration has a small negative influence on viscosity and this is attributed to the presence of ultra-sonification. A second order model was obtained to predict the produced biodiesel viscosity. Within the experimental range studied the model matched the results from the experiments
Effect of Extractive Solvents on Bio – Oil Production From Microalgae via Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Bio–oil from spirulina sp. is complicated mixture with valued chemicals. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) converts directly the spirulina microalgae into liquid oil at reaction temperature 300°C with heating rate 10°C /min,100 bars pressure and 30 min. reaction time eight different organic solvents with different polarities were applied to extract the bio – oil from these chemicals. The order of bio–oil extraction yield of the eight solvents from high to low were as follow tetrahydrofuran (THF) ˃ dichloromethane (DCM) ˃ acetone (ACE) ˃ chloroform (CHL) ˃ methanol (MeOH)˃ ethyl-acetate (EAC) ˃ hexane (HEX) ˃toluene (TOL).The results obtained from single stage extraction process showed that maximum percentage oil yield was (26.55%). with rather high heating value (HHV ≈ 30 MJ/kg). The combination of THF, EAC and n-hexane was selected to extract and separate the bio – oil into three fraction heavy oil (48.9%) mid weight oil (37.8%) and light oil (62.2%). These three oils were characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrum (GC – mass). Keywords:- Bio–oil , extractives, hydrothermal , liquefaction, micro- algae.
Modification of thermal and oxidative properties of biodiesel produced from vegetable oils
Trans esterification of three vegetable oils, sunflower oil, linseed
oil and mixed oils as; sunflower-soyabean and olein were carried out
using methanol, and potasium hydroxide as catalyst. The methyl esters
of the corresponding oils were separated from the crude glycerol and
characterized by physical-chemical methods to evaluate their thermal
properties. This methods are determination of densities, cloud points,
pour points, flash points, kinematic viscosities, hydrogen/carbon
ratios, sulfur contents, ash contents and triglycerides. The
physico-chemical characteristic of biodiesel treated with ozone showed
improvement of pour point and flash point indicating higher degree of
safety for fuel. Methyl esters mixed with their corresponding ozonated
oil were subjected to comparison and evaluation for their thermal
properties by the thermo gravimetric analysis differential thermal
analysis from which the calculated heat of enthalpy and comparison with
the heat of conventional diesel. The results showed that the oxygen
content of biodiesel samples treated with ozone increased weight % and
resulted in more extensive chemical reaction, promoted combustion
characteristics and less carbon residue was produced. Gas
chromatography appeared more suitable to address the problem of
determining/verifying biodiesel methyl ester and showed that methyl
ester content was impurity free. Ultra violet-detection was used for
rapid quantization of triglycerols. From the analyses performed
biodiesel treated with ozone modified the thermal and oxidative
stability shown by the high combustion efficiency indicated by the high
heat of enthalpy and reducing the emission of particulate matter
Degradation of 2, 4, 6-trinitotoluene in aqueous solution by ozonation and multi-stage ozonation biological treatment
The objective of this study was to explore the extent of
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution and red water mineralization
by comparing conventional direct ozonation and multi-stage
ozonation-biological treatment process. The alkaline hydrolysis was
used for remediation 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and red water at pH =
10.9. Nevertheless, the hydroxyl radicals would be generated by ozone
decomposition with ozone dose of 0.177 g/L. The samples were subjected
to chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon analysis to monitor
pollutants removal. The rate of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and red water
pollutants degradation were quantified using high performance liquid
chromatography. 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution resulted
55.5 % chemical oxygen demand removal by 3 h direct ozonation.
Following direct ozonation the biological treatment twenty four hours
chemical oxygen demand reached 98.9 % and 98.7 % removal using humic
acid and river water 1 % ( v/v) inoculation singly and respectively.
Conventional direct ozonation showed non significant change in total
organic carbon degradation. While on using multi-stage ozone-biological
treatment process where humic acid and/or river water were used as
inoculums singly and respectively, total organic carbon fulfilled 73 %
and 98.3 % removal. The process was one hour direct ozonation and
followed by three days multistage ozone-biological treatment. In
multi-stage ozone-biological treatment process, ozonation was effective
to decompose total organic carbon and to produce biodegradable
dissolved organic carbon easily removed by ozone oxidation up to 98.3 %
in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution. Pollutants removal
achieved 99 % in authentic red water effluent using river inoculation 1
% (v/v) in 5 days. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier
Transformation Infra Red methods were performed to confirm types of
pollutants content in red water
Protection of biodiesel and oil from degradation by natural antioxidants of Egyptian Jatropha
Residue of methanolic extract of Egyptian Jatropha curcas contains
bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, which succeeded to be
used as natural antioxidants for the protection of oils and their
corresponding biodiesel against oxidative deterioration. In the present
work, the residue of Jatropha roots were extracted with methanol and
resulting residues, were investigated regarding their content of total
phenolic compounds by folin-Cioalteau assay. Further, the antioxidant
activities of the extracts were characterized by the
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method and proved remarkable
results. Oxidation stability of Jatropha oil, used fried oil and olive
oil and their corresponding biodiesel obtained by conventional
transesterification were tested using thermal oxidation. Natural
antioxidants such as (á-trocopherol), synthetic antioxidants as
butylated hydroxytoluene and natural Jatropha root extract were used in
the present study in comparison to investigate their addition effect on
the oxidative stability of oils and their corresponding biodiesel. In
the rapied thermal treatment test, results showed that addition of
butylated hydroxytoluene 0.25 % was able to stabilize Jatropha oil 6 h,
but poorly stabiliz biodiesel. Addition of 0.25 % á-trocopherol to
Jatropha oil showed less oxidation stability after 2 h thermal
treatment. Crude root extract addition at 0.25% to Jatropha oil showed
good stability up to 4 h thermal treatment while addition of root
extract at 0.25 % to biodiesel showed better stability up to 6 h
thermal treatment. Besides addition of 220 ppm crude root extract to
biodiesel was enough sufficient to occure oxidative stabilization. Also
Jatropha root residue addition at 400 ppm was effective antioxidant for
fresh Jatropha oil
Development and evaluation of biodiesel fuel and by-products from jatropha oil
Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel
alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a feedstock to produce a valuable
amount of oil to be converted to biodiesel using transesterification
reaction. Jatropha plant has been successfully grown in southern Egypt
using primary treated municipal wastewater for its irrigation. A bench
scale production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil (using methyl alcohol
and sodium hydroxide as catalyst) was developed with methyl esters
yield of 98 %. Biodiesel was produced on a pilot scale based on the
bench scale experiment results with almost the same methyl esters yield
of 98 %. The produced biodiesel was evaluated as a fuel and compared
with petroleum diesel according to its physical and chemical parameters
such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, carbon
residue, acid value and calorific value. The experimental techniques
and product evaluation results show that such properties of the
produced biodiesel are near to that of petroleum diesel. A mass balance
representing the transesterification process is presented in this
study. Glycerol of 85 % purity was produced and evaluated as a valuable
byproduct of the process. Free fatty acids and sodium phosphate salts
which have industrial interesting are also produced and evaluated
Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil
Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of
production procedures because of its environmentally beneficial
attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used
for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it
adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This study
is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the
production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils in an attempt to help
reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from
waste oils. The variables affecting the yield and characteristics of
the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved
results were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From
the obtained results, the best yield percentage was obtained using a
methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%)
and 65°C temperature for one hour. The yield percentage obtained
from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat
vegetable oil which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the
results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel, whether from
neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended
standards of biodiesel fuel
Catalytic hydrocracking of jatropha oil over natural clay for bio-jet fuel production
Abstract Currently, the conversion of biomass to produce high-valued biofuels such as biodiesel and bio-jet fuel has attached booming interests, when used for partial replacement of petroleum fuels in different ratios is a promising solution due to the problem of depleting petroleum reserves and environmental purposes. Non-edible Jatropha oil can be transformed to biofuel when subjected to were hydrocracking at hydrogen pressure using an activated natural clay as a catalyst in a high pressure batch reactor. The type of product and its quality and quantity depend on the process conditions such as reaction time, temperature, and catalyst type, form, and amount. The present work aims to study the hydrocracking process of Jatropha oil at different operating conditions. The catalyst is characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF, and XRD. The effect of process conditions variation have been studied and discussed. The results showed the highest yield of 40% bio-jet fuel was achieved at a temperature of 350 °C, H2 pressure of 4 bar, and reaction time of 18 min. the bio-jet fuel products were tested and their specifications were conformed to ASTM D1655 specifications, viz the freezing point (−56 °C), the flash point (53 °C), and existent gum content (5.9 mg/100 ml)