WATER ACTIVITY DATA ASSESSMENT TO BE USED IN HANFORD WASTE SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS

The purpose of this report is to present and assess water activity versus ionic strength for six solutes:sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. Water activity is given versus molality (e.g., ionic strength) and temperature. Water activity is used to estimate Hanford crystal hydrate solubility present in the waste

Predicting Water Activity in Electrolyte Solutions With the Cisternas-Lam Model

Water activity is an important parameter needed to predict the solubility of hydrated salts in Hanford nuclear waste supernatants. A number of models available in the scientific literature predict water activity from electrolyte solution composition. The Cisternas-Lam model is one of those models and has several advantages for nuclear waste application. One advantage is that it has a single electrolyte specific parameter that is temperature independent. Thus, this parameter can be determined from very limited data and extrapolated widely. The Cisternas-Lam model has five coefficients that are used for all aqueous electrolytes. The present study aims to determine if there is a substantial improvement in making all six coefficients electrolyte specific. The Cisternas-Lam model was fit to data for six major electrolytes in Hanford nuclear waste supernatants. The model was first fit to all data to determine the five global coefficients, when they were held constant for all electrolytes it yielded a substantially better fit. Subsequently, the model was fit to each electrolyte dataset separately, where all six coefficients were allowed to be electrolyte specific. Treating all six coefficients as electrolyte specific did not make sufficient difference, given the complexity of applying the electrolyte specific parameters to multi-solute systems. Revised water specific parameters, optimized to the electrolytes relevant to Hanford waste, are also reported

A Brokering Framework for Assessing Legal Risks in Big Data and the Cloud

“Cloud computing” and “Big Data” are amongst the most hyped-up terms and buzzwords of the moment. After decades in which individuals and companies used to host their data and applications using their own IT infrastructure, the world has seen the stunning transformation of the Internet. Major shifts occurred when these infrastructures began to be outsourced to public Cloud providers to match commercial expectations. Storing, sharing and transferring data and databases over the Internet is convenient, yet legal risks cannot be eliminated. Legal risk is a fast-growing area of research and covers various aspects of law. Current studies and research on Cloud computing legal risk assessment have been, however, limited in scope and focused mainly on security and privacy aspects. There is little systematic research on the risks, threats and impact of the legal issues inherent to database rights and “ownership” rights of data. Database rights seem to be outdated and there is a significant gap in the scientific literature when it comes to the understanding of how to apply its provisions in the Big Data era. This means that we need a whole new framework for understanding, protecting and sharing data in the Cloud. The scheme we propose in this chapter is based on a risk assessment-brokering framework that works side by side with Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This proposed framework will provide better control for Cloud users and will go a long way to increase confidence and reinforce trust in Cloud computing transactions

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF LARGE CO2CO_{2} CLUSTERS

$^{1}$ G. Ewing and De T. Sheng, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 4063.Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Indiana UniversityCarbon dioxide clusters were formed by admitting monomeric $CO_{2}$, diluted in an inert gas, into a large cell cooled to $77K^{1}$. The resulting suspension of clusters, each containing of the order of $10^{2}$ molecules, were spectroscopically studied through FTIR techniques. The cluster size is such that the number of molecules in the interior is comparable to the number on the exterior (faces, edges and corners). Spectroscopic features associated with vibrational motions of these interior and exterior molecules are observed. Quantum mechanical and electromagnetic classical descriptions of the experimental results will be presented

TRANSFER AND STORAGE OF VIBRATIONAL ENERGY IN LIQUIDS: COLLISIONAL UP-PUMPING OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON LIQUID ARGON

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Indiana UniversityIsotopically enriched carbon monoxide (88\% $^{13}C{^{16}}O, 12\% {^{13}}C{^{18}}O$) dissolved in liquid argon was optically pumped to the $v = 1$ level by a cw CO laser. This energy is redistributed by collisional up-pumping to higher vibrational levels. Fluorescence from vibrational levels up to $u = 37$ of the heavier isotope was observed from the steady-state distribution. A discontinuity in the fluorescence at $v = 28$ is observed which happens to be isoenergetic with the excited $a^{3}\Pi$ electronic state of CO. The $X^{1}\Sigma\to a^{3}\Pi$ intersystem crossing behavior and reactions which form isotopic carbon dioxide will be discussed

Environmental Management Branch

under Contract F09603-95-D-0176-000