Role of hormones in bone remodeling in the craniofacial complex: A review

Background: Diseases such as periodontitis and osteoporosis are expected to rise tremendously by 2050. Bone formation and remodeling are complex processes that are disturbed in a variety of diseases influenced by various hormones. Objective: This study aimed to review and present the roles of various hormones that regulate bone remodeling of the craniofacial complex. Methods: A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar for studies related to hormones and jawbone. Search strategies included the combinations (“name of hormone” + “dental term”) of the following terms: “hormones”, “oxytocin”, “estrogen”, “adiponectin”, “parathyroid hormone”, “testosterone”, “insulin”, “angiotensin”, “cortisol”, and “erythropoietin”, combined with a dental term “jaw bone”, “alveolar bone”, “dental implant”, “jaw + bone regeneration, healing or repair”, “dentistry”, “periodontitis”, “dry socket”, “osteoporosis” or “alveolitis”. The papers were screened according to the inclusion criteria from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2021 in English. Publications included reviews, book chapters, and original research papers; in vitro studies, in vivo animal, or human studies, including clinical studies, and meta-analyses. Results: Bone formation and remodeling is a complex continuous process involving many hormones. Bone volume reduction following tooth extractions and bone diseases, such as periodontitis and osteoporosis, cause serious problems and require a great understanding of the process. Conclusion: Hormones are with us all the time, shape our development and regulate homeostasis. Newly discovered effects of hormones influencing bone healing open the possibilities of using hormones as therapeutics to combat bone-related diseases

In Vitro Microscopic Evaluation of Metal- And Zirconium-Oxide-Based Crowns’ Marginal Fit

Objective: To evaluate the marginal adaptation of computer-aided designing and computer-aided machining (CAD/CAM) fabricated cobalt-chromium and zirconium-oxide-based ceramic crowns compared to those produced by a conventional method. Material and Methods: The study consists of three groups; 45 crowns fabricated from cobalt-chromium (CAD-CoCr) and 45 crowns manufactured from zirconium CAD/CAM technology (CAD-Z), and 45 control (C) which consists of conventional metal-ceramic crowns. The marginal discrepancies in vertical dimensions were assessed utilizing a microscope in four surfaces (mesial, distal, vestibular, and oral) for each crown. On completion of the microscopic evaluation, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to study the difference in the four surfaces, considered altogether. Two-way ANOVA revealed the effect of three systems used for gap measurements of each landmark. The differences observed were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: There were no differences in the four surfaces revealed by АNOVА in the three groups when considered altogether. Two-way ANOVA of each surface discovered no differences among all groups as well. Conclusion: The CAD/CAM crowns revealed a comparable and satisfactory marginal adaptation compared to conventional metal-ceramic crowns

Review in the Treatment Decision of Modalities for Impacted Second Molar

Impacted permanent tooth can occur on any tooth in the dental arch. The incidence of retention and impaction of the second molar lies between 0 and 2.3%. It is infrequently found in normal dental patients because most of the second molar impactions are asymptomatic. However, it is a common occurrence in orthodontic practice. The impacted second molar may provoke many pathologic disorders to the adjacent and opposite teeth, eventually malocclusions. There are many treatment modalities in facilitating the eruption of the second molar impaction. Early diagnosis and early treatment are crucial for the successful treatment of mandibular second molar impaction. This article presents an overview of various treatment modalities for an impacted second molar

Full Digital Workflow in the Esthetic Dental Restoration

This case report presented a fully digital workflow in esthetic dental restoration. A 51-year-old female patient was referred to BDMS Wellness Clinic due to a fracture of the maxillary left central incisor. An immediate dental implant was planned to restore tooth 21 with esthetic crown lengthening of upper front teeth and new zirconia crowns for teeth 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, and 23. Digital impression was made using a digital scanner (PRIMESCAN®, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany); surgical guide (Cerec Guide 3, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) was designed by using a designing software (Galileos Software, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) and was milled by using a milling machine (MCXL milling machine, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) to create a precise surgical guide. 3D smile design was done by using the Digital Smile Design (DSD) program, the crown lengthening guide was designed according to DSD designed by using a designing software (Inlab 19 Software, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), and the guide was fabricated by a 3D printer (FormLabs Form 2, Formlab, MA, USA). Provisional crowns (splinted) for teeth 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, and 23 were milled by using polymer (VIPI BLOCK TRILUX®, VIPI Industria, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil) using a milling machine (MCX5, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). The zirconia crowns were designed by using software (Inlab19 Software, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) and milled using the same milling machine. At the implant position, Ti-base is cemented by using an abutment (Multilink Hybrid Abutment, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein, Germany) with zirconia coping (Cercon base white shade, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) utilized as the abutment. The zirconia crowns (Cercon Xt, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) were sintered and characterized and then cemented. The patient was satisfied with the esthetic outcome of the treatment

Antimicrobial Activity of Various Disinfectants to Clean Thermoplastic Polymeric Appliances in Orthodontics

There is a lack of research evidence on the risk–benefits of the various disinfectants in cleaning products and cleansing regimens. This systematic review compared the antimicrobial activity of various chemical disinfectants to disinfect the thermoplastic polymeric appliances in orthodontics. The study was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. An electronic search was conducted on Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Springer. Two authors independently investigated the risk of bias in duplication. A total of 225 articles were collected. After removing duplicates, 221 articles remained, and after filtering their titles and abstracts, 11 articles met eligibility qualifications remained. Finally, nine articles that met the criteria were selected. It showed that both over-the-counter orthodontic appliance cleaners and applied-chemical disinfectants were effective against bacteria. The duration and frequency of usage guidelines cannot be concluded

Comparison of Different Types of Static Computer-Guided Implant Surgery in Varying Bone Inclinations

This research aimed to compare the accuracy of dental implant placement among three types of surgical guide: metal sleeve with key handle (Nobel guide, Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden), metal sleeve without key handle, and non-sleeve without key handle (Dentium full guide kit, Dentium Co., Seoul, Korea) when placing the implant in different bone inclinations. A total of 72 polyurethane bone models were fabricated in different inclinations (0°, 45°, and 60°). The dental implants were placed in bone models following the company’s recommendations. After dental implants were installed, the digital scans were done by an extraoral scanner. The deviations of the dental implant position were evaluated by superimposition between post-implant placement and reference model by using GOM inspect software. The deviation measurement was shown in 5 parameters: angular deviation, 3D deviation at the crest, 3D deviation at the apex, lateral linear deviation, and vertical linear deviation. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests at a significance level of 0.05. The accuracy of the dental implant position was not significantly influenced by the difference in the surgical guide system (p > 0.05). There were significant differences between placed and planned implant positions in the different inclinations of the bone. A significant difference was found in all parameters of 0° and 60° bone inclinations (p < 0.05). At 0° and 45°, angulated bone showed significant differences except in 3D deviation at the apex. Between 45° and 60° were significant differences only in angular deviation. Within the limitations of this study, the accuracy of implant placement among three types of surgical guides (Non-sleeve without key handle, Metal sleeve without key handle, and Metal sleeve with key handle) from two companies (Dentium and Nobel Biocare) was similar. Hence, the operators can choose the surgical guide system according to their preference. The inclination of bone can influence the angulation of dental implants

Prosthetic rehabilitation of an ocular defect with post-enucleation socket syndrome: A case report

Ocular trauma can be caused by road traffic accidents, falls, assaults, or work-related accidents. Enucleation is often indicated after ocular injury or for the treatment of intraocular tumors, severe ocular infections, and painful blind eyes. Rehabilitation of an enucleated socket without an intraocular implant or with an inappropriately sized implant can result in superior sulcus deepening, enophthalmos, ptosis, ectropion, and lower lid laxity, which are collectively known as post-enucleation socket syndrome. This clinical report describes the rehabilitation of post-enucleation socket syndrome with a modified ocular prosthesis. Modifications to the ocular prosthesis were performed to correct the ptosis, superior sulcus deepening, and enophthalmos. The rehabilitation procedure produced satisfactory results. Keywords: Ocular trauma, Enucleation, Socket syndrome, Ocular prosthesi

Insights and Advancements in Biomaterials for Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry

It is always difficult to avoid subjectivism in the assessment of the properties of prosthodontics materials due to the ambiguity in the evaluation criteria of dental research [...

Oral bacteriophages: metagenomic clues to interpret microbiomes

Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that are distributed throughout the environment. Lytic phages and prophages in saliva, oral mucosa, and dental plaque interact with the oral microbiota and can change biofilm formation. The interactions between phages and bacteria can be considered a portion of oral metagenomics. The metagenomic profile of the oral microbiome indicates various bacteria. Indeed, there are various phages against these bacteria in the oral cavity. However, some other phages, like phages against Absconditabacteria, Chlamydiae, or Chloroflexi, have not been identified in the oral cavity. This review gives an overview of oral bacteriophage and used for metagenomics. Metagenomics of these phages deals with multi-drug-resistant bacterial plaques (biofilms) in oral cavities and oral infection. Hence, dentists and pharmacologists should know this metagenomic profile to cope with predental and dental infectious diseases

PEEK Biomaterial in Long-Term Provisional Implant Restorations: A Review

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become a useful polymeric biomaterial due to its superior properties and has been increasingly used in dentistry, especially in prosthetic dentistry and dental implantology. Promising applications of PEEK in dentistry are dental implants, temporary abutment, implant-supported provisional crowns, fixed prosthesis, removable denture framework, and finger prosthesis. PEEK as a long-term provisional implant restoration has not been studied much. Hence, this review article aims to review PEEK as a long-term provisional implant restoration for applications focusing on implant dentistry. Articles published in English on PEEK biomaterial for long-term provisional implant restoration were searched in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus. Then, relevant articles were selected and included in this literature review. PEEK presents suitable properties for various implant components in implant dentistry, including temporary and long-term provisional restorations. The modifications of PEEK result in wider applications in clinical dentistry. The PEEK reinforced by 30–50% carbon fibers can be a suitable material for the various implant components in dentistry