TURISTIČKA DJELATNOST I MENADŽMENT – IZAZOV ZA ŽENE

The tourist trade and tourism management represent a special challenge to women. If this is the century of tourism, and if this is the time of “pink-collars” in management, that is, an invasion of female managers, then the domination of women in this industry can truly be expected. The authors point to numerous trends in tourism development that women have successfully embraced. Inevitable questions arise in the Balkan region: Is there a fear of strong women? What is the business style of female managers and what advantages do female managers have over their male counterparts? The authors seek the answers to these and other questions through case studies.Turistička djelatnost i menadžment predstavljaju poseban izazov za žene. Ako je prema očekivanjima ovo stoljeće – stoljeće turizma, a u menadžmentu vrijeme “ružičastih” kragni tj. najezda žena menadžera, onda se s pravom očekuje njihova dominacija baš u ovoj djelatnosti. Autori stoga ukazuju na mnogobrojne trendove u razvoju turizma koje s uspjehom riješavaju žene. Neizbežna pitanja za Balkan, pritom, su: postoji li strah od jakih žena; kakav je poslovni stil žene menadžera i koje su prednosti žene – menadžera u odnosu na muškarca. Odgovore na ova pitanja, ali i neka druga autori su pokušali dobiti i preko studije slučaja

Društveno-ekonomske dimenzije marketinga

Social responsibility should not be unique to marketing activities that result in profit, but it is necessary to strive for the protection and strengthening the interests of society. New, responsible business marketing trends, shows that social engagement and the maximization of corporate profit and shareholder value, are not mutually exclusive, but rather strengthened. Corporate social responsibility is a practical demonstration example of strategic planning for sustainable development at the enterprise level Sustainable business success must have at least three components: economic, environmental policy and social policy Modern business is increasingly emphasizes the importance of corporate social responsibility, which represents a commitment the tendency of companies to contribute to sustainable economic development working with employees, their families, local communities and society in general to improve their quality of life.Social responsibility refers to the person’s obligation to consider the consequences of their decisions and actions on the entire social system. Business people apply social responsibility when you take into account the needs and interests of those who may suffer the consequences of their business ventures.Društvena odgovornost ne bi trebalo da bude svojstvena samo marketinškim aktivnostima koje rezultiraju profitom, već je nužno težiti zaštiti i jačanju interesa društva. Nove, tendencije odgovornog poslovnog marketinga, pokazuje da se društveni angažman korporacija i maksimiranje profita i vrednosti za akcionare, uzajamno ne isključuju, već učvršćuju. Društveno odgovorno poslovanje je pokazni praktični primer strateškog planiranja održivog razvoja na nivou preduzeća. Održivi poslovni uspeh preduzeća mora imati bar tri komponente: ekonomsku, politiku životne sredine i socijalnu politiku. Savremeno poslovanje, sve više ističe značaj korporativna društvene odgovornost, koja predstavlja svojevrsnu posvećenost preduzeća tendenciji da doprinese održivosti privrednog razvoja sarađujući sa zaposlenima, njihovim porodicama, lokalnom zajednicom i društvom uopšte u cilju poboljšanja kvaliteta njihovog života. Društvena odgovornost se odnosi na obavezu osobe da razmotri posledice svojih odluka i postupaka na čitav društveni sistem. Poslovni ljudi primenjuju društvenu odgovornost kada uzmu u obzir potrebe i interese onih koji mogu da pretrpe posledice njihovih poslovnih poteza. Tako čineći, oni imaju u vidu interese koji su znatno širi od uskih tehničkih interesa sopstvene firme

Quality management system as a factor for effetveness and efficiency improvement in adult education

Nije preterano reći da se celokupan razvoj civilizacije može posmatrati kao neprestana težnja čoveka za unapređivanjem sebe, svog rada, zajednice u kojoj živi i sveta oko sebe. Ta težnja predstavlja usmerenost razvijanju i podizanju kvaliteta. Kako se sve više pažnje poklanjalo postizanju na različite načine određivanog kvaliteta postalo je jasno da je proaktivni način razmišljanja, koji bi uključivao vođenje računa o svim aspektima procesa, neophodan radi postizanja definisanih ciljeva i ishoda. U poslednje vreme se sve češće pojavljuju zahtevi za uvođenjem sistema kvaliteta i akreditaciju u obrazovanje odraslih. S obzirom da ova oblast ljudske delatnosti poseduje određene specifičnosti, otvaraju se određena posebna pitanja, problem i rešenja. Sam rezultat procesa obrazovanja odraslih je teško merljiv, jer je reč o usluzi. Usluga je nematerijalna, teško ponovljiva u potpunosti isto, pružanje i korišćenje usluge se odvijaju na istoj lokaciji, ne može se transportovati, ne može se skladištiti i nema zaliha, ne može se probati pre kupovine, korisnik usluge obično učestvuje u stvaranju i isporuci usluge, za neusaglašenu uslugu se može izviniti, ponoviti ili isplatiti nadoknada, kontrolu usluge vrši korisnik na osnovu stepena zadovoljenja njegovih zahteva i očekivanja U većini slučajeva potreban je direktan kontakt pružaoca i primaoca usluge. Zbog ovih karakteristika obrazovanja, „izmeriti“ ispunjenje zahteva je jednostavnije kada je reč o robi. Kada je reč o procesu obrazovanja odraslih postavlja se pitanje da li se „proizvod“ ovog procesa može proizvesti tako da se za njega garantuju određene karakteristike i da se ispune svi zahtevi. Koje su to karakteristike, zahtevi i kako se oni mogu ispuniti? Još jedan od problema koji se pojavljuje je: po kojem obrascu, merilu ili standardu procenjujemo kvalitet obrazovanja 2 odraslih, sam proces i rezultat tog procesa, odnosno na osnovu čega merimo ispunjenost zahteva i očekivanja onog ko uči i ko je time postaje nosilac proizvoda...It may not be overstatement to say that entire development of the civilizationcould be observed as humans continual aiming for selfimprovement, improvement of work, community people live in and our environment. That focus is also in development and improvement of quality. As attention was focused on achieving that quality it becomes clear that proactive way of thinking, that would include caring for all aspects of the processes, is necessary for achieving defined goals and outcomes. Lately we are faced with numerous appeals for certification and accreditation in adult education, and some questions could be raised. The result of the adult education process is service, so it could be difficult to measure it. It is not tangible, hard to replicate exactly, process realization and use of the result is simultaneous, result of the process cannot be by itself be transported, packed, storage, tasted before consumption, client is involved in production and delivery, for nonconforming service we can apologize, or repeat it fully, control of the service is done by client and criteria are his/her own goals and expected outcomes. For „production” it is vital that client is fully involved. Only these characteristics make measuring difficult. When it comes to adult education process another question is raised: is the service even possible to be produced so the producer can guarantee all characteristics and fulfillment of all requirements. What are those characteristics and requirements and how they can be completed? Another thing: what is the standard or against what measuring tool we can assess adult education quality, process and outcomes, or based on what shall we measure if customer requirements and requirements for product are fulfilled..

Research on the influence Integrated Marketing Communications at Enterprises business in the Republic of Serbia

   The aim of this paper is to show the essence of integrated marketing communications, the basic advantages a strategic approach to the functioning of this concept in enterprises in the Republic of Serbia. On the basis of a set, a goal has been defined chosen access method and research on the basis of the sample of the use of techniques (methods) of the survey. The research was conducted through carefully structured questionnaires, appropriate choice questions, the correct formulation and their proper order, starting with the adopted principles usual practice, features examinee and the appointed goal. The results of the research indicate that the strategic approach to marketing communications, leading to a positive impact on business enterprises, but on the other hand, a large number of enterprises in Serbia are still more reliant on traditional forms of marketing communication. The obtained results show that the necessary investments in employees in terms of training and education so as to keep pace with time, track trends and introduce innovations in this field

Work-Based Learning for Higher Level VET Provision

In this paper we reflect about work based learning as learning about work, learning at work and learning through work. The acquisition of knowledge, skills and competences through action-based or reflective learning in a vocational or occupational context is Work-based Learning (WBL) and is often seen as a strong energy for developing workplace skills and promoting productivity of the labour force. It is directly linked to the mission of Vocational Education and Training (VET) to help learners acquire knowledge, skills and competences which are essential in working life. Realising the potential of WBL requires companies and trainees to engage in WBL that effectively increases productivity. Creating opportunities for high-quality WBL lies at the heart of current European education and training policies. Efforts are needed to invest in expanding the offer of apprenticeships and traineeships in countries where opportunities for this type of learning remain very limited. This paper will try to show one view on understanding benefits of WBL and present why it is important to companies to provide high-quality WBL. Regional project “Master 5” is aimed to support the development and visibility of higher VET opportunities through regional partnerships between learning providers, business and social partners with a particular focus on needs for higher level VET skills at sectoral level. The specific objective is to design and implement new training framework based on WBL for higher level VET provision in craftsmanship to provide skills needs on the regional labour market, thus following the New Skills Agenda. The idea is that the major impact on both learners and business will be increased attractiveness and recognition of master craftsman vocations as providing access to employment and career advancement, as well as enabling further learning and progression to higher education based on strong WBL-basis. Views of companies participated in research in project “Master 5” will be shown in this paper as one example

Analysis of the management of economic entities that perform the activity of agricultural production

In this paper, the authors present the specifics of the management of economic entities in the field of agricultural production in the Republic of Serbia. In addition to the goals that all business entities are faced with, which are economic goals that are reflected in the realization of profits for the sake of business security for a long period of time and safe survival in a constantly turbulent environment, and legal goals that oblige first-class entities to operate in accordance with legal regulations, limiting conditions of freedom of management, in the form of respect for high ethical principles, are set before economic entities engaged in agricultural production due to the use of agricultural land that represents a good of general interest and a natural resource. This activity has a significant impact on human health and the environment. The authors used a survey of the owners of 40 agricultural farms and small businesses in the territory of the municipality of Ruma and other stakeholders, first of all buyers of goods of the surveyed economic entities, then extensive literate review and the method of comparative analysis. The results of the research show that for those economic subjects whose business requires the trust of citizens and protection of the environment, respect for high ethical principles in business, could be the tip of the scales that will determine their survival on the market. It has been shown that compliance with the rules of business ethics, in the long term, brings the business entity more profit, so compliance with those rules is becoming more and more universal. That is why agricultural producers follow the ethical principles of responsible business. The role of the Government of the Republic of Serbia could be crucial here with certain types of assistance, which would further improve the sustainable development of agricultural entities

Dva nova mišja monoklonska antitela dobijena protiv humanog IgG-a

Many pathological conditions are accompanied with changes in the concentration of the total IgG or some of its fraction. For this reason there is great interest in the production of reagents specific for IgG. In this paper, the binding characteristics of two new murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), assigned MoAb 15 and MoAb 22, are reported. These MoAbs were produced by hybridoma technology. By performing ELISAs and Western blots analyzes, it was demonstrated that both MoAbs interact specifically with human IgG. Cross reactivity with other sera proteins was not observed. In order to precisely localize the epitopes recognized by MoAb 15 and MoAb 22, the Western blots interactions of these MoAbs with electrophoreticaly separated IgG-fragments, obtained by the action of proteolytic enzymes (papain, pepsin, trypsin), were analyzed. According to the results of these experiments, both MoAbs interacted with epitopes in the Cg3 domain. The affinity constants, calculated from Scatchard plots of binding of MoAb 15 and MoAb 22 to human IgG, were Ka15 = 1.71 x 106 M-1 and Ka22 = 2.15 x 109 M-1. According to all these findings, MoAb 15 and MoAb 22 could be used in standard immunochemical techniques. However, the experiments showed that both MoAbs had bad immunoprecipitating properties. In solid phase techniques (ELISAs, Western blot, dot-blot, etc.), their application gave excellent results that highly recommended them for use in these types of analyzes.Mnoga patološka stanja su povezana sa promenama koncentracije ukupnog IgG-a ili neke od njegovih frakcija. To je razlog velikog interesovanja za produkciju reagenasa specifičnih za IgG. Mi smo u ovom radu opisali karakteristike vezivanja dva nova mišja monoklonska antitela (MoAt), označena kao MoAt 15 i MoAt 22. Ova MoAt su dobijena hibridomskom tehnologijom. Koristeći ELISA-e i Western blot analize, pokazali smo da oba MoAt specifično reaguju sa humanim IgG-om. Ukrštena reaktivnost sa drugim serumskim proteinima nije uočena. Da bi smo precizno locirali epitope koje prepoznaju MoAt 15 i MoAt 22, Western blot-om smo analizirali interakcije ovih MoAt sa elektroforetski razdvojenim fragmentima IgG-a dobijenih dejstvom proteolitičkih enzima (papain, pepsin, tripsin). Prema rezultatima ovih eksperimenata oba MoAt interreaguju sa epitopima u Cg3 domenu. Konstante afiniteta, izračunate sa Skačardovih dijagrama vezivanja MoAt 15 i MoAt 22 za humani IgG su Ka15 = 1.71 x 106 M-1 i Ka22 = 2.15 x 109 M-1. Na osnovu svih ovih činjenica, MoAt 15 i MoAt 22 bi se mogla koristiti u standardnim imunohemijskim tehnikama. Međutim, naši eksperimenti su pokazali da oba MoAt imaju loše imunoprecipitacione osobine. Sa druge strane, u tehnikama na čvrstoj fazi (ELISA-e, Western blot, dot-blot, itd.) njihova primena je dala odlične rezultate što ih preporučuje za upotrebu u ovom tipu analiza

Funkcija štitaste žlezde i prisustvo antitireoidnih autoantitela kod bolesnika sa sistemskim bolestima vezivnog tkiva

Autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) has been described in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD). The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the prevalence of ATD in a group of 91 CTD patients, and in their subgroups: 53 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 24 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 7 primary Sjogren’s syndrome (SSy) and 7 progressive systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. A control group of 34 healthy blood volunteers was used for comparison. Serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as thyroid autoantibodies (Abs) specific of thyroperoxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) were examined. CTD patients, in general, as well as SLE and RA subgroups, had significantly higher number of thyroid dysfunction than the control group (p lt 0.05). The most prominent thyroid dysfunction was subclinical hypothyroidism, with a higher prevalence in all subgroups of patients when compared to the control. Anti-TPO Abs were detected in a significant number of CTD patients, especially in SLE subgroup when compared to the control group. It was also found that a higher number of CTD patients, SLE and RA subgroups, had positive anti-Tg Abs, when compared to the control subjects. In conclusion, the prevalence of ATD in CTD patients was more frequent than in the control group. The patients with anti-TPO Abs and anti-Tg Abs at the time when they were analyzed, had hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or were clinically and biochemically euthyroid. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was greater than the prevalence of hyperthyroidism in all subgroups of patients.Autoimunske bolesti štitaste žlezde (AITD) opisane su kod bolesnika sa sistemskim bolestima vezivnog tkiva (SBVT). Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita prevalencija AITD u grupi od 91 bolesnika sa SBVT, koja je uključila 53 bolesnika sa sistemskim eritemskim lupusom (SLE), 24 obolelih sa reumatoidnim artritisom (RA) i po 7 obolelih od primarnog Sjogrenovog sindroma (SSy) i progresivne sistemske skleroze (SSc). Kontrolnu grupu ispitanika činila su 34 dobrovoljna davaoca krvi. Kod svih učesnika u studiji merene su serumske koncentracije slobodnog tiroksina (FT4), tireostimulišućeg hormona (TSH), kao i autoantitela specifičnih za tireoperoksidazu (anti-TPO At) i tireoglobulin (anti-Tg At). U grupi bolesnika sa SBVT, kao i u podgrupama obolelih od SLE i RA, nađena je statistički značajno veća učestalost poremećaja funkcije štitaste žlezde u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu (p lt 0.05), a od svih poremećaja funkcije štitaste žlezde najčečće je detektovana subklinička hipotireoza. Anti-TPO At nađena su kod značajno većeg broja bolesnika sa SBVT i SLE, u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Isto tako, i anti-Tg At su detektovana kod većeg broja ispitanika u grupi SBVT, i podgrupama SLE i RA, nego kod zdravih osoba. U zaključku, prevalencija AITD kod obolelih od SBVT veća je nego u kontrolnoj grupi. Bolesnici sa anti- TPO At i anti-Tg At u vreme kada su analizirani, imali su subkliničku ili klinički manifestnu hipotireozu ili hipertireozu, ili su još bili u stadijumu bolesti u kome se ne može detektovati poremećaj funkcije štitaste žlezde. Prevalencija hipotireoze bila je veća od prevalencije hipertireoze u svim podgrupama bolesnika sa SBVT

Proliferacija naivnih i aktiviranih T limfocita u prisustvu tkivno specifičnih makrofaga

In this study the antigen-presenting ability of tissue specific macrophages isolated from bone marrow, spleen, peritoneal cavity and lungs was analyzed. Murine macrophages were isolated by a one-step adherence procedure (for 24 hours) and pretreated with mytomycin C. The antigen-presenting ability of the macrophages was tested in T cell proliferation assays. The ability of macrophages to support antigenspecific proliferation of T lymphoblasts was investigated when sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-specific T blasts were stimulated in vitro by antigen in the presence of different numbers of tissue specific macrophages. On the other hand, the abilities of macrophages to induce proliferation of naïve T cells were analyzed in allogeneic and syngeneic mixed leukocyte reactions (MLRs). It was demonstrated that tissue specific macrophages supported antigen specific proliferation of T lymphoblasts in vitro. They also induced the activation of allogeneic and syngeneic T cells. Increasing the number of macrophages co-cultured with T cells, led to a certain inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation.U ovom radu je ispitivana sposobnost mišjih makrofaga izolovanih iz kostne srži, slezine, peritonealne šupljine i alveola da prezentuju antigen i indukuju proliferaciju T limfocita. Makrofazi su izolovani adherencijom tokom 24-časovne kulture i pretretirani mitomicinom C. Da bi se ispitala sposobnost makrofaga da indukuju proliferaciju limfoblasta, T limfociti specifični za ovčje eritrocite izolovani iz limfnih čvorova imunizovanih miševa u in vitro uslovima, su restimulisani antigenom u prisustvu tkivnih makrofaga izolovanih iz različitih tkiva. Pored toga, sposobnost makrofaga da indukuju proliferaciju in vivo naivnih T limfocita ispitivana je u mešanoj kulturi tkivnih makrofaga i alogenih ili singenih limfocita. Dokazano je da tkivni makrofazi izolovani iz kostne srži, slezine, peritonealne šupljine i alveola mogu da potpomognu antigen-specifičnu proliferaciju T limfoblasta u in vitro uslovima, kao i da aktiviraju naivne alogene i singene T limfocite. Povećanje broja makrofaga dovelo je do smanjenja T limfocitne proliferacije

Promene u limfatičnim organima komercijalnih pilića nakon vakcinacije protiv Marekove bolesti - histološka i stereološka analiza

The aim of this study was to investigate histomorphometrical characteristics of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen in the chickens vaccinated with a vaccine against Marek’s disease. For this purpose, we used newly hatched chickens of the light hybrid line, obtained from a local hatchery. The chickens were vaccinated on the 5th day after hatching with a bivalent cell-associated Marek's disease vaccine (PFU-2000 per dose). On day 13 both vaccinated chickens and unvaccinated controls were sacrificed, and thymus, bursa and spleen were removed and processed for light microscopy. The serial tissue sections, hematoxylin-eosine stained, were used for histomorphometric analysis. Vaccination against Marek’s disease decreased the relative mass of the lymphoid organs, and caused significant damage of the thymus and spleen in experimental chicken. In addition, vaccination, similar to Marek's disease virus, induced morphometric changes in the lymphoid organs. Namely, it significantly decreased the diameter and volume of lymphoid follicles, volume of follicular medulla and number of cells in the follicular cortex in the bursa of Fabricius. In the thymus, vaccination reduced the thymus volume and the absolute number of thymocytes. However, vaccination against Marek’s disease caused an increase in the diameter, number and volume of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. The present data suggest that vaccination against Marek’s disease was able to induce the immune response in processed organs, although it reduced the mass and number of lymphocytes in the major lymphoid organs.Cilj ovih ispitivanja su bile histomorfometrijske karakteristike timusa, burze Fabricii i slezine pilića vakcinisanih protiv Marekove bolesti. Za istraživanja su korišćeni jednodnevni pilići lake hibridne linije, gajeni u standardnim uslovima. Pilići su vakcinisani 5. dana od izleganja, bivalentnom vakcinom protiv Marekove bolesti (PFU 2000 po dozi). Trinaestog dana od izleganja kontrolni i vakcinisani pilići su žrtvovani, uzeti su im timus, burza Fabricii i slezina koji su pripremljeni za svetlosno mikroskopsku analizu. Za analizu su korišćeni serijski preseci limfatič nih organa, bojeni metodom hematoksilin-eozin. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali da vakcinacija protiv Marekove bolesti dovodi do smanjenja relativne mase timusa, burze i slezine, kao i povećanja indeksa oštećenja timusa i slezine. Takođe je ustanovjleno da vakcinacija dovodi do promena morfometrijskih parametara u limfatičnim organima. U burzi Fabricii je uočeno značajno smanjenje dijametra i zapremine limfocitnih folikula, zapremine medule folikula i broja ćelija u korteksu folikula. U timusu vakcinacija dovodi do redukcije zapremine timusa i apsolutnog broja timocita. Međutim, vakcinacija protiv Marekove bolesti u slezini dovodi do povećanja dijametra limfocitnih folikula, kao i do povećanja njihovog broja i zapremine. Rezultati ove studije su ukazali da vakcinacija pilića protiv Marekove bolesti, iako redukuje broj T i B limfocita, indukuje razvoj imunskog odgovora