Correlation between Tc and Lattice Parameters of Novel Superconducting NaxCoO2 yH2O

We synthesized the five batches of the samples of the novel P3 type superconductor, Na$_{x}$(H$_{3}$O)$_{y'}$CoO$_{2}\cdot y''$H$_{2}$O, by the soft chemical process starting from $\alpha$-NaCoO$_{2}$. The chemical and structural properties varied rather widely from batch to batch, with a result that $T_{c}$ varied from 4.6 K to 3.2 K. The magnetic susceptibility above $T_{c}$ shows upturn at low temperature as in the case of the P2 phase. The $T_{c}$ seems to be well correlated to the lattice parameters.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, and 1 table, to be published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73 (9) with possible minor revision

Biomolecular imaging and electronic damage using X-ray free-electron lasers

Proposals to determine biomolecular structures from diffraction experiments using femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses involve a conflict between the incident brightness required to achieve diffraction-limited atomic resolution and the electronic and structural damage induced by the illumination. Here we show that previous estimates of the conditions under which biomolecular structures may be obtained in this manner are unduly restrictive, because they are based on a coherent diffraction model that is not appropriate to the proposed interaction conditions. A more detailed imaging model derived from optical coherence theory and quantum electrodynamics is shown to be far more tolerant of electronic damage. The nuclear density is employed as the principal descriptor of molecular structure. The foundations of the approach may also be used to characterize electrodynamical processes by performing scattering experiments on complex molecules of known structure.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figure

PERSPECTIVAS DEL PROCESO DE GLOBALIZACIÓN Y SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS ECONÓMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES

El escenario internacional se encuentra en constante transformación debido a lo que se ha denominado el proceso de “globalización”. Este afecta las relaciones internaciones interestatales e influye en la vida cotidiana de los individuos. El Derecho Internacional y más específicamente el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos no es ajeno a este proceso. La investigación afirma que nos encontramos frente a una etapa de transnacionalización de los Derechos Humanos, que permite que los individuos cuenten con mayor protección en ámbitos supranacionales. También hace especial mención a los derechos Económicos Sociales y Culturales, analiza el debate sobre el pluralismo jurídico y la eficacia diferencial. En la metodología empleada se revisan fuentes documentales y se realiza un análisis de algunos derechos particulares previstos en el Pacto de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. Los planteamientos permiten afirmar que el proceso de globalización ha determinado la transnacionalización de los Derechos Humanos, surgiendo de dicho fenómeno consecuencias positivas y negativas en cuanto a su cumplimiento

Analysis of diffracted intensities from finite protein crystals with incomplete unit cells

Developments in experimental techniques in micro electron diffraction and serial X-ray crystallography provide the opportunity to collect diffraction data from protein nanocrystals. Incomplete unit cells on the surfaces of protein crystals can affect the distribution of diffracted intensities for crystals with very high surface-to-volume ratios. The extraction of structure factors from diffraction data for such finite protein crystals sizes is considered here. A theoretical model for the continuous diffracted intensity distribution for data merged from finite crystals with two symmetry-related sub-units of the conventional unit cell is presented. This is used to extend a whole-pattern fitting technique to account for incomplete unit cells in the extraction of structure factor amplitudes. The accuracy of structure factor amplitudes found from this whole-pattern fitting technique and from an integration approach are evaluated

Whole-pattern fitting technique in serial femtosecond nanocrystallography

Serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) has created new opportunities in the field of structural analysis of protein nanocrystals. The intensity and timescale characteristics of the X-ray free-electron laser sources used in SFX experiments necessitate the analysis of a large collection of individual crystals of variable shape and quality to ultimately solve a single, average crystal structure. Ensembles of crystals are commonly encountered in powder diffraction, but serial crystallography is different because each crystal is measured individually and can be oriented via indexing and merged into a three-dimensional data set, as is done for conventional crystallography data. In this way, serial femtosecond crystallography data lie in between conventional crystallography data and powder diffraction data, sharing features of both. The extremely small sizes of nanocrystals, as well as the possible imperfections of their crystallite structure, significantly affect the diffraction pattern and raise the question of how best to extract accurate structure-factor moduli from serial crystallography data. Here it is demonstrated that whole-pattern fitting techniques established for one-dimensional powder diffraction analysis can be feasibly extended to higher dimensions for the analysis of merged SFX diffraction data. It is shown that for very small crystals, whole-pattern fitting methods are more accurate than Monte Carlo integration methods that are currently used

Extreme ultraviolet radiation for coherent diffractive imaging with high spatial resolution

Using different noble gases, argon, neon and helium, we are able to generate by high-harmonic generation (HHG) just a few harmonic orders in the spectral range 10-35 nm with a photon flux of similar to 2.10(12) photons/(harmonic cm(2) s) for argon and similar to 10(10) photons/(harmonic cm(2) s) for helium. The few-harmonic-order radiation is used for coherent diffractive imaging directly without any spectral filter. A spatial resolution of similar to 100 nm is achieved using a similar to 30 nm HHG source

Imaging on nano-scale with coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation

Reports on the generation of extreme ultraviolet radiation with high photon flux, high spatial coherence and good spatial beam profile by high order harmonic generation in various noble gases (argon, neon and helium) and the application of the source for nano-scale imaging