Substantial and sustained reduction in under-5 mortality, diarrhea, and pneumonia in Oshikhandass, Pakistan : Evidence from two longitudinal cohort studies 15 years apart

Funding Information: Study 1 was funded through the Applied Diarrheal Disease Research Program at Harvard Institute for International Development with a grant from USAID (Project 936–5952, Cooperative Agreement # DPE-5952-A-00-5073-00), and the Aga Khan Health Service, Northern Areas and Chitral, Pakistan. Study 2 was funded by the Pakistan US S&T Cooperative Agreement between the Pakistan Higher Education Commission (HEC) (No.4–421/PAK-US/HEC/2010/955, grant to the Karakoram International University) and US National Academies of Science (Grant Number PGA-P211012 from NAS to the Fogarty International Center). The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Relating particulate organic matter-nitrogen (POM-N) and non-POM-N with pulse crop residues, residue management and cereal N uptake

Particulate organic matter nitrogen (POM-N) was evaluated as an indicator of crop residue source (pulse versus cereal) and residue management (no-tillage [NT], stubble burned [SB] or stubble mulched [SM]) on soil quality and subsequent crop productivity in a continuous cropping experiment in northern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The relative contributions to POM of pulse versus cereal, and shoots versus roots, were studied using in situ $^{15}$N shoot labelling. Under NT, a greater proportion of organic N was found in POM-N $>$ 250 $\mu$m (5.5% versus 3.5% [SM] and 2.7% [SB]) and POM-N $>$ 53 $\mu$m (10.3% versus 9.7% [SM] and 8.7% [SB]). Pulse residues (particularly roots) contributed 2-7 times more N to POM and 2-4 times more N to non-POM-N than barley ($^{15}$N data), but this increased contribution was not detectable with non-isotopic analysis. POM-N was sensitive to residue management, but was not a reliable measure of N inputs from pulse versus cereal residues, nor a useful tool for predicting subsequent crop N uptake.Relation entre la matière organique azotée particulaire et non particulaire et les résidus de culture de légumineuses, leur gestion et le prélèvement d'azote par les céréales. La matière organique particulaire POM-N a été évaluée comme indicateur des sources des résidus de cultures (légumineuses ou céréales) et de la gestion des résidus (non-labour [NT], brûlage des pailles [SB], mulch de paille [SM]) sur la qualité du sol et la productivité induite des cultures dans une expérience continue de culture sans le Nord des New South Wales en Australie. Les contributions relatives des POM des légumineuses par rapport à celles des céréales et des tiges par rapport aux racines ont été étudiées en utilisant des tiges marquées à l'azote $^{15}$N in-situ. Sous NT, une plus grande proportion de l'azote organique a été trouvé dans la fraction POM-N $>$ 250 $\mu$m (5,5 % par rapport à 3,5 % pour [SM] et 2,7 % pour [SB]) et POM-N $>$ 53 $\mu$m (10,3 % par rapport à 9,7 % pour [SM] et 8,7 % [SB]). Les résidus de légumineuses (particulièrement les racines) ont apporté 2 à 7 fois plus d'azote sous forme POM et 2 à 4 fois plus d'azote sous forme non particulaire que l'orge (données de $^{15}$N) mais cette contribution accrue n'était pas détectable avec une analyse non isotopique. POM-N était sensible à la gestion des résidus mais n'était pas une mesure fiable pour les apports d'azote à partir des légumineuses comparativement aux résidus de céréales ni un outil utile pour prédire le prélèvement induit d'azote par la culture

Soil mineral nitrogen benefits derived from legumes and comparisons of the apparent recovery of legume or fertiliser nitrogen by wheat

Nitrogen (N) contributed by legumes is an important component of N supply to subsequent cereal crops, yet few Australian grain-growers routinely monitor soil mineral N before applying N fertiliser. Soil and crop N data from 16 dryland experiments conducted in eastern Australia from 1989–2016 were examined to explore the possibility of developing simple predictive relationships to assist farmer decision-making. In each experiment, legume crops were harvested for grain or brown-manured (BM, terminated before maturity with herbicide), and wheat, barley or canola were grown. Soil mineral N measured immediately before sowing wheat in the following year was significantly higher (