Plantaris excision reduces pain in Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy even in the absence of plantaris tendinosis

Background It is becoming increasingly apparent that the plantaris can contribute to symptoms in at least a subset of patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. However the nature of its involvement remains unclear. Hypothesis / Purpose To determine whether excised plantaris tendons from patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy display tendinopathic changes and whether the presence of such changes affect clinical outcomes. Methods Sixteen plantaris tendons patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy recalcitrant to conservative management underwent histological examination for the presence of tendinopathic changes. All patients had imaging to confirm the presence of the plantaris tendon adherent to or invaginated into the focal area of Achilles tendinosis. Visual analogue scores (VAS) and foot and ankle outcome scores (FAOS) were recorded pre and post-operatively. Results Sixteen patients (mean age 26.2; 18-47 years) underwent surgery with a mean follow-up of 14 months (range 6-20 months). The plantaris tendon was histologically normal in 13/16 cases (81%). Inflammatory changes in the loose peritendinous connective tissue surrounding the plantaris tendon were evident in all cases. There was significant improvement in mean VAS scores (p<0.05) and all domains of the FAOS post-operatively (p<0.05). Conclusions The absence of any tendinopathic changes in the excised plantaris of 13 patients who clinically improved suggests plantaris involvement with Achilles tendinopathy may not yet be fully understood and supports the concept that this may be a compressive or a frictional phenomenon rather than purely tendinopathic. Clinical Relevance There is increasing evidence to support that the excision of plantaris results in improved clinical outcomes in a sub-set of patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. Prior findings have reported that excised plantaris tendons from these patients display tendinopathic changes. However these findings suggest the role of plantaris in the pathology of these patients could be biomechanical since patients improved even when the excised plantaris was not tendinopathic

Musical Multimodal Child Computer Interaction

In this project an interactive computer system is designed that envisions to contribute to young children's musical education. From literature, requirements for musical interaction were derived. In this paper these requirements and the design of the system are described