Is it morally permissible to eat meat?

Many approaches have been taken regarding this topic, some of them are anthropological or scientific that pursue the understanding of why we eat meat, but from the philosophical lens this question is solved in the field of applied ethics, which is the area that debate about the moral status of animals (nonhuman animals) and where different theorizations that tried to explain the relationship between animals and humans and the examination of the morality of meat consumption take place. Some of these approaches could be find within the concepts of animal rights, vegetarianism, animal cruelty and so on

Un estado del arte sobre el conocimiento tácito de los grupos

Desde la teoría de creación de conocimiento organizacional, se plantean diferentes tipos de conocimiento: el individual, el grupal y el organizacional, los cuales pueden ser tácitos o explícitos -- Teniendo en cuenta que todo conocimiento es socialmente construido, que es relacional y colectivo, los grupos en la organización ocupan un lugar importante para la creación y expansión del conocimiento -- El conocimiento tácito grupal, brinda posibilidades para que el grupo pueda desarrollar acciones para enfrentar la incertidumbre, resolver problemas, anticipar situaciones críticas y generar innovación -- No obstante, lo anterior, este tipo de conocimiento no ha sido lo suficientemente abordado y profundizado teórica, conceptual y metodológicamente para su gestión -- En el presente estado del arte se describen conceptualmente las características del conocimiento tácito grupal en la organización y se contribuye con la comprensión y sentido que tiene el grupo como colectivo social, el lugar que ocupa en la creación y amplificación del conocimiento organizacional -- Asimismo el presente estado del arte, contribuye a la fundamentación conceptual de la investigación Niveles de Calidad del Conocimiento Tácito de un Grup

Rewiring color categories: the neural consequences of language contact

In this thesis, through a combination of fieldwork, computational modeling, behavioral and neurophysiological (EEG) experimentation, we establish a neural precursor of the acquisition of lexical color categories. The thesis consists of 3 studies, each comprising a number of computational, behavioral and EEG experiments. The first study (Chapter 1) reports our field research on the color systems of Galician and Spanish, two geographically contiguous and historically related languages. Our aim here was to explore similarities and differences in the way speakers of these languages set boundaries between color categories in the green-yellow-brown and blue ranges. We provide preliminary evidence that regional color meanings can co-exist in neighboring and connected populations. In a series of computer simulations (Chapter 2) and laboratory experiments (Chapters 2-3), we recreated a minimal language contact scenario, in which speakers of different languages, with possibly different color systems, must coordinate and communicate by means of basic color terms used as signals. In the second study (Chapter 2), participants learned during two consecutive days an artificial color system by playing as receivers in a signaling game with a computer. In a series of computer simulations, we show that the artificial color system is learnable by agents endowed with minimal cognition and limited memory. The stimuli consisted of an array of 5 Munsell colors that varied along the hue dimension from brown to green, with the most ambiguous color occupying the middle position in the array. At the end of day two, the EEG was recorded while participants were shown color-term (CT) and term-color (TC) stimulus sequences that were either learned, as part of the artificial color system, or incongruent. We found similar evoked responses to color terms in CT sequences and to colors in TC sequences, with larger late negative ERPs in incongruent than in learned trials. This EEG evidence for category-level color representations was supported by two independent color discrimination studies. ERP effects were largest for the more ambiguous colors, suggesting the strongest neural changes in the brain occur at the boundary of two color categories. The second experiment was identical to the first, with the exception that color stimuli were different. Here, the five colors varied in lightness within the blue hue with an ambiguous blue/black color as the terminal color in the array. We obtained larger late negative ERPs, very similar to those observed in the first experiment, in incongruent than in learned trials in CT sequences for the most ambiguous color in the array. Our results indicate that these ERP effects may reflect the effort of rewiring the native color categorization of participants into the artificial color system they have learned

The Bourguignon and Chakravarty multidimensional poverty family: A characterization

The family of multidimensional poverty indices introduced by Bourguignon and Chakravarty (Journal of Economic Inequality, 2003) has attracted a great deal of interest in the field of poverty measurement. In this note we explore a number of properties fulfilled by the members of this family, related to both the way to aggregate, for each individual, the deprivations in the various attributes, and the procedure for combining the individuals’ overall deprivations. Then we show that the properties we highlight characterize the functional form of the family.multidimensional poverty indices, Bourguignon and Chakravarty family, deprivation.

Unit-Consistent Aggregative Multidimensional Inequality Measures: A Characterization

Inequality among people involves comparisons of social indicators such as income, health, education and so on. In recent years the number of studies both theoretical and empirical which take into account not only the individual’s income but also these other attributes has significantly increased. As a consequence the development of measures capable of capturing multidimensional inequality and satisfying reasonable axioms becomes a useful and important exercise.The aim of this paper is no other than this. More precisely, we consider the unit consistency axiom proposed by B. Zheng in the unidimensional framework. This axiom demands that the inequality rankings, rather than the inequality cardinal values as the traditional scale invariance principle requires, are not altered when income is measured in different monetary units. We propose a natural generalization of this axiom in the multidimensional setting and characterize the class of aggregative multidimensional inequality measures which are unit-consistent.multidimensional inequality indices, unit-consistency, aggregativity.

Using an agent-based model to simulate children’s active travel to school

Abstract Background Despite the multiple advantages of active travel to school, only a small percentage of US children and adolescents walk or bicycle to school. Intervention studies are in a relatively early stage and evidence of their effectiveness over long periods is limited. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the utility of agent-based models in exploring how various policies may influence children’s active travel to school. Methods An agent-based model was developed to simulate children’s school travel behavior within a hypothetical city. The model was used to explore the plausible implications of policies targeting two established barriers to active school travel: long distance to school and traffic safety. The percent of children who walk to school was compared for various scenarios. Results To maximize the percent of children who walk to school the school locations should be evenly distributed over space and children should be assigned to the closest school. In the case of interventions to improve traffic safety, targeting a smaller area around the school with greater intensity may be more effective than targeting a larger area with less intensity. Conclusions Despite the challenges they present, agent based models are a useful complement to other analytical strategies in studying the plausible impact of various policies on active travel to school.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112566/1/12966_2012_Article_757.pd

Loneliness, Depression, and Inflammation: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objective Both objective and subjective aspects of social isolation have been associated with alterations in immune markers relevant to multiple chronic diseases among older adults. However, these associations may be confounded by health status, and it is unclear whether these social factors are associated with immune functioning among relatively healthy adults. The goal of this study was to examine the associations between perceived loneliness and circulating levels of inflammatory markers among a diverse sample of adults. Methods Data come from a subset of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n = 441). Loneliness was measured by three items derived from the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The association between loneliness and C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen was assessed using multivariable linear regression analyses. Models were adjusted for demographic and health characteristics. Results Approximately 50% of participants reported that they hardly ever felt lonely and 17.2% felt highly lonely. Individuals who were unmarried/unpartnered or with higher depressive symptoms were more likely to report being highly lonely. There was no relationship between perceived loneliness and ln(CRP) (β = -0.051, p = 0.239) adjusting for demographic and health characteristics. Loneliness was inversely associated with ln(fibrinogen) (β = -0.091, p = 0.040), although the absolute magnitude of this relationship was small. Conclusion These results indicate that loneliness is not positively associated with fibrinogen or CRP among relatively healthy middle-aged adults

Aproximación a un estudio de las reseñas literarias en diversos suplementos culturales españoles.

In this article we have analyzed the most important cultural supplement of the most sold newspapers in our country during three weeks, we have studied the different ways to make literature critic. We wanted to know: what kind of literature is on these publications, how important poetry is nowadays and witches are the most important editorials