Delirium risk screening and haloperidol prophylaxis program in hip fracture patients is a helpful tool in identifying high-risk patients, but does not reduce the incidence of delirium

Background: Delirium in patients with hip fractures lead to higher morbidity and mortality. Prevention in high-risk patients by prescribing low dose haloperidol is currently under investigation. Methods. This prospective cohort surveillance assessed hip fracture patients for risk of developing a delirium with the Risk Model for Delirium (RD) score. High-risk patients (score ≥5 points) were treated with a prophylactic low-dose of haloperidol according to hospital protocol. Primary outcome was delirium incidence. Secondary outcomes were differences between high- and low-risk patients in delirium, length of stay (LOS), return to pre-fracture living situation and mortality. Logistic regression analysis was performed with age, ASA-classification, known dementia, having a partner, type of fracture, institutional residence and psychotropic drug use as possible confounders. Results: 445 hip fracture patients aged 65 years and older were admitted from January 2008 to December 2009. The RD-score was completed in 378 patients, 173 (45.8%) high-risk patients were treated with prophylactic medication. Sensitivity was 71.6%, specificity 63.8% and the negative predictive value (NPV) of a score < 5 was 85.9%. Delirium incidence (27.0%) was not significantly different compared to 2007 (27.8%) 2006 (23.9%) and 2005 (29.0%) prior to implementation of the RD- protocol. Logistic regression analysis showed that high-risk patients did have a significant higher delirium incidence (42.2% vs. 14.1%, OR 4.1, CI 2.43-7.02). They were more likely to be residing at an alternative living situation after 3 months (62.3% vs. 17.0%, OR 6.57, CI 3.23-13.37) and less likely to be discharged from hospital before 10 days (34.9% vs. 55.9%, OR 1.63, CI 1.03-2.59). Significant independent risk factors for a delirium were a RD-score 5 (OR 4.13, CI 2.43-7.02), male gender (OR 1.93, CI 0.99-1.07) and age (OR 1.03, CI 0.99-1.07). Conclusions: Introducing the delirium prevention protocol did not reduce delirium incidence. The RD-score did identify patients with a high risk to develop a delirium. This high-risk group had a longer LOS and returned to pre-fracture living situation less often. The NPV of a score < 5 was high, as it should be for a screening instrument. Concluding, the RD-score is a useful tool to identify patients with poorer outcome

Sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged adults who underwent pharyngeal flap surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency treatment: polysomnographic analysis

Objetivos: Investigar a ocorrência de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), sua gravidade e sintomas relacionados, em adultos de meia-idade com fissura de palato operada (FPO) e retalho faríngeo, comparativamente a indivíduos com FPO sem retalho e a dados normativos. Adicionalmente, verificar a relação entre a gravidade da AOS e a área seccional mínima da via aérea faríngea (ASF). Método: Estudo prospectivo em 42 indivíduos com FPO, não sindrômicos (22 com retalho- CR, 20 sem retalho-SR), 40-58 anos de idade. A prevalência de AOS foi estimada com base no índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) avaliado por polissonografia (sistema EMBLA-N7000). Os sintomas foram investigados pelos questionários de Pittsburgh, Epworth, e Berlin e pela Escala de Trindade. A ASF foi avaliada por rinomanometria anterior modificada em um subgrupo de pacientes dos grupos CR (n=14) e SR (n=10). Local de execução: Unidade de Estudos do Sono-Laboratório de Fisiologia-HRAC/USP. Resultados: No grupo CR, a prevalência de AOS correspondeu a 77%. Quando considerados os sintomas relacionados (SAHOS) foi de 64%. No grupo SR, os percentuais foram menores (60% e 45%, respectivamente), mas as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. A prevalência de SAHOS do grupo CR foi comparativamente maior do que na população em geral. Os indicadores aferidos pelos questionários não diferiram entre os grupos. Não houve correlação entre IAH e ASF. Conclusão: Adultos de meia-idade com fissura palatina apresentam desordens respiratórias do sono em proporção clinicamente significativa, possivelmente relacionadas a alterações anatomo-funcionais das vias aéreas superiores, congênitas ou secundárias às palatoplastias, sendo o retalho um fator obstrutivo agravante.Objectives: To investigate the occurrence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and related symptoms in middle-aged adults with repaired cleft palate and pharyngeal flap, as compared to individuals with repaired cleft palate without flap and to normative data. In addition, to verify the relationship between OSA severity and minimal pharyngeal cross-sectional airway area (PCSA). Methods: Prospective study in 42 nonsyndromic individuals with repaired cleft palate (22 with flap- F group, 20 without flap- NF group), aged 40-58 years. Prevalence of OSA was estimated according to apnea-hipopnea index (AHI), measured by nocturnal polysomnography (EMBLA-N7000 system). Symptoms were investigated by the Pittsburgh, Epworth, and Berlin questionnaires and by the Trindade Scale. PCSA was evaluated by modified anterior rhinomanometry in a subgroup of patients from the F group (n=14) and the NF group (n=10). Setting: Sleep Studies Unit-Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Brazil. Results: In the F group, the prevalence of OSA corresponded to 77% and when considering related symptoms (OSAHS), 64%. In the NF group, the percentages were lower (60% and 45%, respectively), but differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence of OSAHS in the F group was higher than in the general population. Questionnaire outcomes did not differ between groups. There was no correlation between AHI and PCSA. Conclusion: Middle-aged adults with cleft palate have clinically significant sleep-disordered breathing, possibly related to congenital anatomic or functional abnormalities of the upper airway, or to primary and secondary palatal surgeries, the flap being an aggravating obstructive factor