4 research outputs found

    Fondamenti e applicazioni dell’archeologia galattica

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    Conoscendo le reazioni di nucleosintesi, i meccanismi che portano all’arricchimento di metalli del gas intragalattico e la composizione chimica delle stelle, è possibile ricostruire la storia di formazione ed evoluzione di una galassia. Con l’innovativa missione spaziale GAIA, e il relativo telescopio, è stato possibile ottenere anche informazioni sulla dinamica tridimensionale di un gran numero di stelle presenti nella Via Lattea, rendendone possibile la mappatura e lo studio delle orbite. Si nota spesso che stelle aventi orbite simili presentano proprietà chimiche analoghe, testimoniando una regione d’origine comune. Attraverso i modelli basati sulla teoria ΛCDM, che sostiene l’accrescimento gerarchico delle galassie, è evidente che il merger tra due strutture mantiene pressoché inalterate le orbite originarie, rendendole distinguibili nella formazione risultante. Nasce così l’archeologia galattica, che unisce gli studi spettroscopici e astrometrici per ricostruire la storia delle galassie, in particolare la nostra. Attraverso la misura delle proprietà cinematiche e chimiche è stato possibile, ad esempio, identificare un evento di merging, avvenuto 10Gyr fa, tra la nostra galassia ed una satellite, Gaia-Enceladus. È stato inoltre possibile identificare un evento simile, ma su scala minore, riguardante l’unione dell’ammasso globulare NGC 2005 con la Grande Nube di Magellano, galassia satellite della Via Lattea

    Tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The single-arm TOCIVID-19 prospective trial

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    BackgroundTocilizumab blocks pro-inflammatory activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6), involved in pathogenesis of pneumonia the most frequent cause of death in COVID-19 patients.MethodsA multicenter, single-arm, hypothesis-driven trial was planned, according to a phase 2 design, to study the effect of tocilizumab on lethality rates at 14 and 30 days (co-primary endpoints, a priori expected rates being 20 and 35%, respectively). A further prospective cohort of patients, consecutively enrolled after the first cohort was accomplished, was used as a secondary validation dataset. The two cohorts were evaluated jointly in an exploratory multivariable logistic regression model to assess prognostic variables on survival.ResultsIn the primary intention-to-treat (ITT) phase 2 population, 180/301 (59.8%) subjects received tocilizumab, and 67 deaths were observed overall. Lethality rates were equal to 18.4% (97.5% CI: 13.6-24.0, P=0.52) and 22.4% (97.5% CI: 17.2-28.3, P<0.001) at 14 and 30 days, respectively. Lethality rates were lower in the validation dataset, that included 920 patients. No signal of specific drug toxicity was reported. In the exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age and lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio negatively affected survival, while the concurrent use of steroids was associated with greater survival. A statistically significant interaction was found between tocilizumab and respiratory support, suggesting that tocilizumab might be more effective in patients not requiring mechanical respiratory support at baseline.ConclusionsTocilizumab reduced lethality rate at 30 days compared with null hypothesis, without significant toxicity. Possibly, this effect could be limited to patients not requiring mechanical respiratory support at baseline.Registration EudraCT (2020-001110-38); clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04317092)

    Correction to: Tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The single-arm TOCIVID-19 prospective trial

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