Increased Carotid Thickness in Subjects with Recently-Diagnosed Diabetes from Rural Cameroon

PMCID: PMC3423396This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Phylogeny of Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australia and Papua New Guinea

Abstract Objective To study the genetic diversity of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Methods MVEV envelope gene sequences were aligned using Clustal X and manual editing was performed with Bioedit. ModelTest v. 3.7 was used to select the simplest evolutionary model that adequately fitted the sequence data. Maximum likelihood analysis was performed using PhyML. The phylogenetic signal of the dataset was investigated by the likelihood mapping analysis. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree was built using BEAST. Results The phylogenetic trees showed two main clades. The clade Ⅰ including eight strains isolated from West Australia. The clade Ⅱ was characterized by at least four epidemic entries, three of which localized in Northern West Australia and one in Papua New Guinea. The estimated mean evolutionary rate value of the MVEV envelope gene was 0.407 × 10−3 substitution/site/year (95% HPD: 0.623 × 10−4–0.780 × 10−3). Population dynamics defines a relative constant population until the year 2000, when a reduction occurred, probably due to a bottleneck. Conclusions This study has been useful in supporting the probable connection between climate changes and viral evolution also by the vector point of view; multidisciplinary monitoring studies are important to prevent new viral epidemics inside and outside new endemic areas

Role of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in the Diagnosis and Early Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in a Case Series of Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Case Series

Patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) frequently develop worsening in renal function until Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). The use of kidney injury biomarkers could be useful in the early diagnosis of AKI. In the present study, the role of the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), compared to the standard creatinine, in ADHF patients, was analyzed to evaluate if an early treatment could affect the outcome. A case series of 24 ADHF patients was enrolled and patients randomly divided in two groups (Group A and Group B). In Group A, NGAL, creatinine, and eGFR were measured, while in Group B, creatinine and eGFR alone were measured. NGAL was measured by turbidimetric immunoassay and creatinine using an enzymatic spectrophotometric method. In presence of AKI, creatinine increase and eGFR decrease were significantly lower in Group A than in Group B, whereas in absence of AKI the difference between the two groups was not significant. Hospitalization stay was significantly lower in Group A (receiving early treatment based on NGAL) than in Group B. In ADHF patients, plasma NGAL in combination with creatinine was superior to the standard creatinine in the diagnosis and early treatment of AKI with a better outcome and a decreased hospital stay

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis: Genome diversity, biofilm formation, and virulence

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia </it>is emerging as one of the most frequently found bacteria in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In the present study, phenotypic and genotypic traits of a set of 98 isolates of <it>S. maltophilia </it>obtained from clinical (CF and non-CF patients) and environmental sources were comparatively evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>S. maltophilia </it>exhibited a high level of genomic diversity in both CF and non-CF group, thus possibly allowing this bacterium to expand its pathogenic potentials. Strains sharing the same pulsotype infected different patients, thus likely indicating the occurrence of clonal spread or acquisition by a common source. CF isolates differed greatly in some phenotypic traits among each other and also when compared with non-CF isolates, demonstrating increased mean generation time and susceptibility to oxidative stress, but reduced ability in forming biofilm. Furthermore, in CF isolates flagella- and type IV pili-based motilities were critical for biofilm development, although not required for its initiation. Sequential isogenic strains isolated from the same CF patient displayed heterogeneity in biofilm and other phenotypic traits during the course of chronic infection. CF and non-CF isolates showed comparable virulence in a mouse model of lung infection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Overall, the phenotypic differences observed between CF and non-CF isolates may imply different selective conditions and persistence (adaptation) mechanisms in a hostile and heterogeneous environment such as CF lung. Molecular elucidation of these mechanisms will be essential to better understand the selective adaptation in CF airways in order to design improved strategies useful to counteract and eradicate <it>S. maltophilia </it>infection.</p

Baseline haematological and biochemical reference values for healthy male adults from Mali

Introduction: Haematological reference values are very important for diagnostic orientation and treatment decision. The aim of this study was to establish haematological reference values for Malian healthy adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 161 male Malians aged between 19 and 54 years old was performed. Median and reference ranges were calculated for haematological and biochemical parameters. Parametric student's t-test was used to determine any statistically significant differences by age, smoker status, body mass index (BMI) and occupation. Ranges were further compared with those reported for other African, Afro-American and Caucasian populations. Results: Increased levels of MCV, MCH, PLT and EOS were found in younger Malians who had abnormal BMI and altered platelets parameters. Notably, significantly lower eosinophil and monocyte counts were observed in Malians compared to Europeans The smoking status did not seem to directly affect RIs. Conclusion: This is the first study to determine normal laboratory parameters in Malian adult males. Our results underscore the necessity of establishing region-specific clinical reference ranges that would allow clinicians and practitioners to manage laboratory tests, diagnosis and therapies. These data are useful not only for the management of patients in Mali, but also to support European and American clinicians in the health management of asylum seekers and migrants from Mali

Changes in bone resorption and vascular endothelial growth factor after a single zoledronic acid infusion in cancer patients with bone metastases from solid tumours

n/

Usefulness and Accuracy of Weekly Point-Prevalence Surveys in Active Surveillance for Healthcare-Associated Infections

n/

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Two Penicillin-Susceptible Serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae Clones Circulating in Italy

Twenty-nine penicillin-susceptible serotype 6B strains isolated from patients with invasive diseases and from healthy carriers were examined by different genotyping methods. Ten groups were identified on the basis of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, and two of these contained multiple isolates and were analyzed further. PFGE group 1 comprised 12 isolates, the majority of which had a multiresistant phenotype (resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), corresponding to that of a clone previously described in the Mediterranean area and related to penicillin-resistant clone Spain(6B)-2. The pbp2b, pbp2x, dhf, and pspA genes of the isolates had identical restriction profiles; and the partial sequence of pspA was identical to that of clone Spain(6B)-2. In all isolates the resistance determinants erm(B) and tet(M) were inserted in a Tn1545-like element; 11 isolates carried cat as part of the integrated plasmid pC194. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) performed with two isolates confirmed that their profiles corresponded to that of the Mediterranean clone. PFGE group 2 comprised nine strains, of which the majority showed no antibiotic resistance. Their pspA profiles were different, and the partial sequences obtained for two representative isolates indicated the presence of PspA proteins of different clades. The MLST profile of one strain was identical to that of a serotype 6B strain from the United Kingdom, while two other isolates were novel one-allele variants. This clone appears to be related (five of seven identical alleles) to two other internationally disseminated clones, Hungary(19A)-6 and Poland(23F)-16, both of which are penicillin resistant. The presence of antibiotic-susceptible isolates of this clone suggests that traits other than antibiotic resistance can make a clone successful

The Liver as Another Possible Target Organ for Bacillus cereus Infection

A case of liver abscess due to Bacillus cereus infection in an immunocompetent 59-year-old man is reported. Percutaneous drainage and antimicrobial therapy, with vancomycin and levofloxacin afterwards, have been demonstrated to be an appropriate treatment, leading to clinical and radiological cure

Peripheral Graft Infection due to Staphylococcus aureus without Abnormal Findings by 99mTc-HMPAO-Labeled-Leukocyte Scan

n/