Mean (±SE) isotopic ratio (δ) of mosquitoes obtained from habitats enriched using ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate and ¹³C-labelled glucose.

<p>All values referenced against international standards (nitrogen = air; carbon = Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)). Data grouped by species and sex for adult mosquitoes and combined pupae.</p

Comparison of isotopic ratios between mosquitoes obtained from enriched pools, and those obtained from control basins: Standardized isotopic ratios δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C for adult male and female <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu lato and <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, and the pupae collected from control and enriched basins.

<p>Figure panels A, C and E represent results for mosquitoes collected from basins enriched with ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate, and the respective controls, while figure panels B, D and F represent results of mosquitoes collected from basins enriched with ¹³C-labelled glucose, and the respective controls. All values referenced against international standards (nitrogen = air; carbon = Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB).</p

Illustration of how the mean isotopic ratios of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C change when different quantities of mosquitoes from enriched versus control basins are included in the pools for analysis.

<p>Mean (CI: 95%) δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C for mosquitoes obtained from basins that were either enriched using the stable isotopes (enriched mosquitoes) or control basins that were not enriched (unenriched mosquitoes). We analysed adult mosquitoes in pools containing a total of four mosquitoes, but variable ratios of enriched to unenriched mosquitoes as indicated by the x-axis label (i.e. 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, ¾ or 4/4). Panel A represents females for <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu lato, while panel B represents males of the same species. All values referenced against international standards (nitrogen = air; carbon = Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)).</p

Results showing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C mean (±SE) of adult male and female pooled mosquitoes regardless of species from habitats enriched using ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate, ¹³C-labelled carbon and un-enriched habitats (controls).

<p>Results showing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C mean (±SE) of adult male and female pooled mosquitoes regardless of species from habitats enriched using ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate, ¹³C-labelled carbon and un-enriched habitats (controls).</p

A schematic illustration of how partial coverage all resting sites is amplified in two steps as PPF contamination is transferred to the adult mosquito population and then onwards to the larval habitats.

<p>The proportional coverage of the resting sites (<i>C</i>_<i>r</i>), ovipositing adult mosquito population (<i>C</i>_<i>M</i>) and larval habitats (<i>C</i>_<i>l</i>) is depicted as a proportion of all resting sites (<i>r</i>), adult mosquitoes (<i>M</i>) and larval habitats (<i>l</i>) covered with PPF contamination (<i>c</i>).</p

An illustration of the main three input parameters in predicting the proportion of all aquatic habitats contaminated with PPF.

<p>This figure presents combined influence of <i>C</i>_<i>M</i>, </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>m</mi></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>l</mi></p><p><mi>z</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>d</mi></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>, and <p></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo></p><p></p><p><mi>T</mi></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>l</mi></p><p><mi>z</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>d</mi></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> upon the availability of uncontaminated aquatic habitats (1-<i>C</i>_<i>l</i>) to the vector population as a simple exponential decay, so that the increasing threshold values required to achieve specific larval habitat coverage targets can be visualized as a log-linear function of their product.<p></p

Evaluation of the proportion of all larval aquatic habitats which are effectively contaminated with PPF <i>C</i>_<i>l</i> at different values for the mean time that habitats persist but remain unproductive (<i>U</i>).

<p>This figure presents combinations of values for proportional coverage of the ovipositing adult mosquito population with PPF contamination <i>C</i>_<i>M</i>, ovitrap-detectable rates of oviposition by wild mosquito (<i>m</i>_{<i>l</i>,<i>z</i>,<i>d</i>}), and the titre of contaminated mosquitoes required to render habitats unproductive (<i>T</i>_{<i>l</i>,<i>z</i>,<i>d</i>}) that may lead to specific values of <i>C</i>_<i>l</i> at different values of <i>U</i>.</p

Parameter symbols and definitions.

<p>Parameter symbols and definitions.</p