Análisis del Sistema Pensional Colombiano a la luz del Principio de Universalidad: enfoque en población Transgénero

Para comprender el transgenerismo en Colombia, se requiere entender que es un concepto enmarcado por el desconocimiento, la discriminación y la falta de oportunidades que impide que esta población sea reconocida como sujeta de derechos. A pesar de los avances, las leyes que se establecen de acuerdo con la prevención, protección y cobertura de sus derechos no resultan ser las herramientas más adecuadas para que los derechos que son vulnerados sean restituidos. Ser transgénero es una condición de vida, que genera los mismos derechos que tiene el resto de población. Esto implica la protección del derecho a la libre expresión de su personalidad, la identidad sexual, la dignidad humana, el mínimo vital y el derecho a la seguridad social, lo anterior de forma integral, sin excepción alguna. Con los avances normativos que ha tenido el país a lo largo de los años, el reconocimiento de los derechos de las personas transgénero se ha venido fortaleciendo. Hoy en día las personas pueden hacer el cambio de su identidad de género simplemente asistiendo ante una Notaría y manifestando su voluntad. Proceso que años anteriores significaba dilaciones ante un Juez Ordinario, hoy en día es más fácil y accesible. Es el punto anterior la base para hacer efectivo a su derecho a la seguridad social en temas pensionales. Pues las personas transgéneros, que aparte de cumplir los requisitos legales “generales” para acceder a la pensión, han realizado el respectivo cambio de género en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento y han modificado los documentos necesarios para demostrar y ratificar su identidad y su deseo de ser reconocido bajo esa equivalencia, legalmente pueden acceder a su derecho. Pero ¿Qué tan efectivo son estas directrices en la realidad? Para contextualizar esta temática, el presente artículo analizará la aplicabilidad del sistema pensional colombiano en la población transgénero, desde un enfoque universal, donde la igualdad y la no discriminación son los principales protagonistas.Universidad Libre - Facultad de Derecho - Especialización en Derecho Laboral y de la Seguridad SocialTo understand transgenderism in Colombia, it is necessary to understand that it is a concept framed by ignorance, discrimination and the lack of opportunities that prevents this population from being recognized as a subject of rights. Despite the advances, the laws that are established in accordance with the prevention, protection and coverage of their rights do not turn out to be the most adequate tools for the rights that are violated to be restored. Being transgender is a condition of life, which generates the same rights as the rest of the population. This implies the protection of the right to free expression of their personality, sexual identity, human dignity, the vital minimum and the right to social security, the above in a comprehensive manner, without any exception. With the regulatory advances that the country has had over the years, the recognition of the rights of transgender people has been strengthening. Nowadays people can make the change of their gender identity simply by attending a Notary's Office and expressing their will. Process that previous years meant delays before an Ordinary Judge, today it is easier and more accessible. The previous point is the basis for making your right to social security effective in pension matters. For transgender people, who apart from meeting the "general" legal requirements to access the pension, have made the respective gender change in the Civil Registry of Birth and have modified the necessary documents to demonstrate and ratify their identity and their desire to be recognized under that equivalence, they can legally access their right. But how effective are these guidelines in reality

Upper Limits on a Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory has performed a third science run with much improved sensitivities of all three interferometers. We present an analysis of approximately 200 hours of data acquired during this run, used to search for a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. We place upper bounds on the energy density stored as gravitational radiation for three different spectral power laws. For the flat spectrum, our limit of Ω

Upper limits on gravitational wave emission from 78 radio pulsars

We present upper limits on the gravitational wave emission from 78 radio pulsars based on data from the third and fourth science runs of the LIGO and GEO 600 gravitational wave detectors. The data from both runs have been combined coherently to maximize sensitivity. For the first time, pulsars within binary (or multiple) systems have been included in the search by taking into account the signal modulation due to their orbits. Our upper limits are therefore the first measured for 56 of these pulsars. For the remaining 22, our results improve on previous upper limits by up to a factor of 10. For example, our tightest upper limit on the gravitational strain is 2.6×10−25 for PSR J1603−7202, and the equatorial ellipticity of PSR J2124–3358 is less than 10−6. Furthermore, our strain upper limit for the Crab pulsar is only 2.2 times greater than the fiducial spin-down limit

Search of S3 LIGO data for gravitational wave signals from spinning black hole and neutron star binary inspirals

We report on the methods and results of the first dedicated search for gravitational waves emitted during the inspiral of compact binaries with spinning component bodies. We analyze 788 hours of data collected during the third science run (S3) of the LIGO detectors. We searched for binary systems using a detection template family specially designed to capture the effects of the spin-induced precession of the orbital plane. We present details of the techniques developed to enable this search for spin-modulated gravitational waves, highlighting the differences between this and other recent searches for binaries with nonspinning components. The template bank we employed was found to yield high matches with our spin-modulated target waveform for binaries with masses in the asymmetric range 1.0M

Upper limit map of a background of gravitational waves

We searched for an anisotropic background of gravitational waves using data from the LIGO S4 science run and a method that is optimized for point sources. This is appropriate if, for example, the gravitational wave background is dominated by a small number of distinct astrophysical sources. No signal was seen. Upper limit maps were produced assuming two different power laws for the source strain power spectrum. For an f−3 power law and using the 50 Hz to 1.8 kHz band the upper limits on the source strain power spectrum vary between 1.2×10−48  Hz−1 (100  Hz/f)3 and 1.2×10−47  Hz−1 (100  Hz/f)3, depending on the position in the sky. Similarly, in the case of constant strain power spectrum, the upper limits vary between 8.5×10−49  Hz−1 and 6.1×10−48  Hz−1. As a side product a limit on an isotropic background of gravitational waves was also obtained. All limits are at the 90% confidence level. Finally, as an application, we focused on the direction of Sco-X1, the brightest low-mass x-ray binary. We compare the upper limit on strain amplitude obtained by this method to expectations based on the x-ray flux from Sco-X1

First Upper Limits from LIGO on Gravitational Wave Bursts

We report on a search for gravitational wave bursts using data from the first science run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors. Our search focuses on bursts with durations ranging from 4 to 100 ms, and with significant power in the LIGO sensitivity band of 150 to 3000 Hz. We bound the rate for such detected bursts at less than 1.6 events per day at a 90% confidence level. This result is interpreted in terms of the detection efficiency for ad hoc waveforms (Gaussians and sine Gaussians) as a function of their root-sum-square strain hrss; typical sensitivities lie in the range hrss∼10−19–10−17strain/√Hz, depending on the waveform. We discuss improvements in the search method that will be applied to future science data from LIGO and other gravitational wave detectors

All-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S4 data

We report on an all-sky search with the LIGO detectors for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range 50–1000 Hz and with the frequency’s time derivative in the range −1×10−8  Hz s−1 to zero. Data from the fourth LIGO science run (S4) have been used in this search. Three different semicoherent methods of transforming and summing strain power from short Fourier transforms (SFTs) of the calibrated data have been used. The first, known as StackSlide, averages normalized power from each SFT. A “weighted Hough” scheme is also developed and used, which also allows for a multi-interferometer search. The third method, known as PowerFlux, is a variant of the StackSlide method in which the power is weighted before summing. In both the weighted Hough and PowerFlux methods, the weights are chosen according to the noise and detector antenna-pattern to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio. The respective advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Observing no evidence of periodic gravitational radiation, we report upper limits; we interpret these as limits on this radiation from isolated rotating neutron stars. The best population-based upper limit with 95% confidence on the gravitational-wave strain amplitude, found for simulated sources distributed isotropically across the sky and with isotropically distributed spin axes, is 4.28×10−24 (near 140 Hz). Strict upper limits are also obtained for small patches on the sky for best-case and worst-case inclinations of the spin axes

Setting upper limits on the strength of periodic gravitational waves from PSR J1939+2134 using the first science data from the GEO 600 and LIGO detectors

Data collected by the GEO 600 and LIGO interferometric gravitational wave detectors during their first observational science run were searched for continuous gravitational waves from the pulsar J1939+2134 at twice its rotation frequency. Two independent analysis methods were used and are demonstrated in this paper: a frequency domain method and a time domain method. Both achieve consistent null results, placing new upper limits on the strength of the pulsar’s gravitational wave emission. A model emission mechanism is used to interpret the limits as a constraint on the pulsar’s equatorial ellipticity

Search for gravitational wave radiation associated with the pulsating tail of the SGR 1806−20 hyperflare of 27 December 2004 using LIGO

We have searched for gravitational waves (GWs) associated with the SGR 1806−20 hyperflare of 27 December 2004. This event, originating from a Galactic neutron star, displayed exceptional energetics. Recent investigations of the x-ray light curve’s pulsating tail revealed the presence of quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs) in the 30–2000 Hz frequency range, most of which coincides with the bandwidth of the LIGO detectors. These QPOs, with well-characterized frequencies, can plausibly be attributed to seismic modes of the neutron star which could emit GWs. Our search targeted potential quasimonochromatic GWs lasting for tens of seconds and emitted at the QPO frequencies. We have observed no candidate signals above a predetermined threshold, and our lowest upper limit was set by the 92.5 Hz QPO observed in the interval from 150 s to 260 s after the start of the flare. This bound corresponds to a (90% confidence) root-sum-squared amplitude h90%rss−det=4.5×10−22  strain  Hz−1/2 on the GW waveform strength in the detectable polarization state reaching our Hanford (WA) 4 km detector. We illustrate the astrophysical significance of the result via an estimated characteristic energy in GW emission that we would expect to be able to detect. The above result corresponds to 7.7×1046  erg (=4.3×10−8  M⊙c2), which is of the same order as the total (isotropic) energy emitted in the electromagnetic spectrum. This result provides a means to probe the energy reservoir of the source with the best upper limit on the GW waveform strength published and represents the first broadband asteroseismology measurement using a GW detector

Search for gravitational waves from binary inspirals in S3 and S4 LIGO data

We report on a search for gravitational waves from the coalescence of compact binaries during the third and fourth LIGO science runs. The search focused on gravitational waves generated during the inspiral phase of the binary evolution. In our analysis, we considered three categories of compact binary systems, ordered by mass: (i) primordial black hole binaries with masses in the range 0.35M