Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Serviços de táxi : elementos para um novo modelo regulatório

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2007.Os Serviços de Táxi têm uma função importante no contexto do transporte urbano e metropolitano de passageiros. Eles atendem principalmente as pessoas que priorizam o conforto, o tempo ou a mobilidade, em deslocamentos urbanos com as finalidades de negócio, turismo, lazer, compras ou emergência. Todavia, a indústria de táxi, por si só, não alcança a máxima eficiência econômica e social devido à presença de falhas em seus mercados. Assim, uma intervenção estatal é indispensável para a aplicação de medidas saneadoras e, nesse sentido, um modelo regulatório para esta indústria é uma ferramenta importante para o processo de mitigação dessas falhas. Para tanto, na presente dissertação propõe-se diretrizes regulatórias para as combinações entre os fatores relacionados à atividade regulatória e às falhas de mercado. Essas falhas foram identificadas por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental desenvolvida a partir de uma análise jurídica no Brasil e do comportamento econômico de 16 mercados nacionais e mercados de 17 outros países. Apesar da diversidade de comportamentos regulatórios observados, o conjunto dos fatores analisados permitiu verificar que os Serviços de Táxi não possuem características típicas de serviço público, diferindo dos transportes públicos coletivos urbanos de passageiros. As principais falhas de mercado de táxi encontradas foram oligopólio, externalidades negativas e assimetria de informação. O segmento radiotáxi apresenta as melhores condições mercadológicas para minimizar essas falhas por poder dispor de economias de escala e de densidade. Verificou-se que os Serviços de Táxi não apresentam custos irrecuperáveis e estão entre as indústrias relativamente competitivas e contestáveis, podendo seus mercados tornar-se mais competitivos com a abertura à livre iniciativa, porém, com regras de transição e com forte regulação dos padrões de qualidade dos serviços, da divulgação das informações e do controle tarifário, seguindo a tendência mundial. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe taxi services have an important function on the whole urban and metropolitan transport of passengers. They mainly serve people who prioritize comfort, time or mobility in urban trips for business, tour, entertainment, shopping or emergency purposes. However, the taxi industry does not reach itself the maximum economic and social efficiency due to the existence of market failures. Thus, a state intervention to make the necessary arrangements is indispensable; hence a general regulatory model for this industry is an important tool to mitigate those failures. Based on this, regulatory guidelines are proposed in this dissertation for the combinations among the factors related to the regulatory activity and the market failures. Those failures were identified through documental and bibliographic research developed from a legal analysis in Brazil and from the economic behavior that enclose 16 Brazilian markets and markets of 17 other countries. Despite the diversity of regulatory behaviors observed, the set of analyzed factors showed that the taxi services have no typical characteristics of public services, differing from the urban public mass transports. Oligopoly, negative externalities and asymmetric information are the main market failures identified. The phone-booking segment has the best market conditions to minimize these failures, because this segment is able to use economies of density and economies of scale. It was found that sunk costs do not exist in taxi services; these services are among the relatively competitive and contestable industries, being able to become more competitive by working in open markets; however, under transition rules and rigorous regulation about quality standards, dissemination of information and fare control, following the world-wide trend

The smallest carnivorous bivalve? Biology, morphology and behaviour of Grippina coronata (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) preying on epipsammic microcrustaceans in the southwestern Atlantic off Brazil

The Spheniopsidae are today represented by five living species of Spheniopsis and nine of Grippina, distributed in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Little is known of their anatomy and the phylogenetic position of the family within the Bivalvia is debated. In order to investigate these questions, the functional morphology of Grippina coronata obtained from the continental shelf off Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo States, Brazil, has been examined. Less than 2 mm in shell length, the siphonal apparatus of G. coronata is complex, with seven sensory papillae, and the ctenidia are reduced to transverse septa pierced by four pairs of ciliated pores. There are no labial palps and the stomach is of Type II with epibenthic harpacticoid and ostracod prey identified inside it. Although there is an intestine producing faeces, the stomach also possesses a unique waste storage pouch for exoskeletal remains of digested prey. Collectively, these features suggest that the Spheniopsidae comprise carnivorous taxa belonging to the Cuspidarioidea within the Anomalodesmata. Grippina coronata is a self-fertilizing simultaneous hermaphrodite that, uniquely, broods fertilized oocytes within the ovarian follicles and, thereby, provides the first example of intrafollicular fertilization and brooding in the Bivalvia. Release of the encapsulated oocytes must be by parental death, which coincidentally releases the exoskeletal remains from the storage pouch. Such post mortem semelparity creates a life-history trait hitherto unrecognized in the Bivalvia822244258COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçã

The use of micro-computed tomography as a minimally invasive tool for anatomical study of bivalves (mollusca: bivalvia)

Micro-computed tomography or micro-CT is a minimally invasive technique capable of generating 2D images and 3D tomographic reconstructions of small-sized animals without destroying the physical specimens. The technique has been previously applied to the study of bivalves, and here we extend it to study the anatomy of eight anomalodesmatan species through the exclusive use of a tomographic approach. Freshly fixed and museum specimens of Anomalodesmata, one of the least understood clades of bivalves, were selected and scanned. Tomographic anatomical descriptions were generated for Pandora pinna (Pandoridae), Lyonsia alvarezii (Lyonsiidae), Allogramma formosa (Lyonsiellidae), Trigonulina ornata (Verticordiidae), Poromya rostrata (Poromyidae), Cetoconcha spinosula, Cetoconcha aff. smithii (Cetoconchidae) and Cuspidaria glacialis (Cuspidariidae). The main internal anatomical features often evaluated for anomalodesmatans were documented. The tomographic images allowed for a detailed description of anatomical structures, including the mantle, ctenidia, labial palps and siphons, as well as the digestive, reproductive and nervous systems. This non-destructive technique thus proved to be an efficient tool for describing the anatomy of bivalves. The potential of micro-CT in concert with the constant development of new scanners, bring fresh perspectives to the anatomical study of bivalves. Poromya spinosula is transferred to Cetoconcha and Cetoconchidae, as Cetoconcha spinosula (Thiele, 1912) comb. nov.18614675COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES88881.131768/2016-0

Shell morphology of a new Brazilian species of the family Kelliellidae, with a brief review of the genus Kelliella (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

The bivalves of the families Vesicomyidae and Kelliellidae are common bottom inhabitants of the deep-sea, with some taxonomic controversy concerning the smaller forms of the former, which are frequently confused as species of the latter. Based on specimens collected from shallow waters of the southeastern Brazilian coast, a new species of Kelliella is described, through a detailed description of its shell, which is compared with those from other species already referred for this genus. Its minute valves with rounded contour and a marked lunule are very similar to those of K. miliaris, the type-species of kelliellids, differing in only some details of the hinge dentition. Most species of the genus Kelliella are currently assigned to the genus Vesicomya, causing great difficulties as far as knowledge of the real diversity of the family Kelliellidae. This study represents part of a continuing work on new discoveries regarding the marine molluscs of the southwestern Atlantic. Here, a review of the genus Kelliella is provided, highlighting some shell features that will be important in future comparative studies between these bivalve families491207219CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível Superiorsem informaçãoThis work was carry out with logistic and financial support provided by CENPES/Petrobras, under the “Habitats” and “Ambes Projects”. Financial supports were provided by scholarships from CAPES awarded to A. Fantinatti and F.M. Machado. Thanks are due also to A.C.S. Sprogis and S.M.F. Ferraz (Laboratory of Microscopy – IB/UNICAMP), who provided assistance in the techniques of microscopy. The authors would like to thank E.E. Strong (USNM), who kindly furnished the pictures of Vesicomya rotunda; and Dr. S. Williams, A. Salvador and H. Taylor (NHMUK) for the pictures of Kelliella miliaris and Kelliella biscayensi

The anatomy of the miniature predator Trigonulina ornata d'Orbigny, 1853 (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Verticordiidae) from continental shelf waters off Brazil

The anatomy of one of the smallest non-septate carnivorous bivalves is described herein and is the first anatomical study of a member of the genus Trigonulina. This paper shows that similar to other verticordiids, Trigonulina ornata d'Orbigny, 1853 possesses a suite of anatomical features that include a prey-capturing inhalant siphon, a septum, an absence of labial palps and capacious mouth, which characterize it as a carnivorous marine bivalve. A discussion about the origin of the septibranch septum is provided showing that the condition seen in T. ornata could be representative of the transition within the Anomalodesmata between suspension-feeding type E ctenidia and the non-filamentar septibranch condition. Finally, fertilized and encapsulated eggs within the visceral mass, the presence of hypobranchial glands plus larval prodissoconch size collectively suggest self-fertilization and the possible early brooding behaviour by T. ornata49629012916CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível Superiorsem informação2018/10313-0This work was carried out with the logistical and financial support provided by CENPES/Petrobras under the ‘HABITATS and AMBES’ Projects. Financial support was provided by a scholarship from CAPES awarded to F.M. Machado and by FAPESP in association with the Thematic Project BIOTA-ZUEC (Process n° 2018/10313-0

Sinopse do conhecimento sobre os aplacóforos brasileiros (Mollusca: Caudofoveata & Solenogastres)

Aplacophorans are well known as exclusively marine benthic molluscs with a vermiform body covered by aragonitic sclerites (also called spicules), whose species are widely distributed from the sublittoral down to the abyss. Currently, only nine species are known from Brazil (one Solenogastres and eight Caudofoveata), but these very few records are no longer a reflection of an existing low diversity. Sampling in deep waters has been conducted recently in oil-rich areas of the Brazilian coast, and the museum collections have now many aplacophoran lots. There is a need to learn about and/or install some microscopical facilities in Brazilian institutions, to form expertise for the investigations on these generally small animals. With studies on taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography and ecology, important questions will be surely answered about the diversity, distribution, and the relationship among the deep-sea fauna from Brazil and from other places191CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP563106/2010-7sem informação2010/52324-6; 2011/50297-4; 2011/07629-6; 2017/01081-5Os aplacóforos são bem conhecidos como moluscos bentônicos exclusivamente marinhos, que possuem um corpo vermiforme coberto por escleritos de aragonita (também chamados de espículas), e cujas espécies são amplamente distribuídas desde o sublittoral a até profundidades abissais. Atualmente, apenas nove espécies são conhecidas para o Brasil (uma de Solenogastres e oito de Caudofoveata), mas esses poucos registros não são um reflexo de uma baixa diversidade existente no nosso litoral. Recentemente, amostragens em águas profundas têm sido feitas em áreas da costa brasileira ricas em petróleo, e as coleções de museus possuem agora muitos lotes de aplacóforos. Há uma necessidade de aprender sobre e/ou instalar algumas condições de infraestrutura nas instituições brasileiras, com o intuito de formar competência para as investigações sobre estes animais geralmente pequenos. Com estudos sobre taxonomia, filogenia, biogeografia e ecologia, questões importantes serão certamente respondidas sobre a diversidade, distribuição e relação entre as faunas de grande profundidades do Brasil e de outros locais do mundoThis work received received financial support from CNPq 563106/2010-7 (Sisbiota Project), FAPESP 2010/52324-6 and CAPES. We also acknowledge FAPESP for the financial support to the senior author (Proc. 2011/50297-4), and to FAPESP and CAPES for the scholarships received by P.V.F.C. (Proc. 2011/07629-6) and M.S.M. (Proc. 2017/01081-5). Special thanks are to CENPES/Petrobras, who coordinated the HABITATS and AMBES Projects, furnishing biological material to the studies of aplacophorans in UNICAMP. Drs. A. D. Pimenta and L. R. L. Simone are acknowledged for their help while accessing the molluscan collections of the MNRJ and MZUSP, respectively. Two anonymous reviewers improved the final version of this manuscript and are also fully acknowledged for their wor

The genus Dallocardia (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Cardiidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

The taxonomy of the species assigned to the genus Dallocardia (Cardiidae: Trachycardiinae) recorded from the Argentinean and Magellanic biogeographical provinces was reviewed, revealing that two species are present: Dallocardia muricata (Linnaeus, 1758), well-known as widely distributed along the western Atlantic, and here considered as having its living southernmost limit of distribution in the southern Brazilian coast; and Dallocardia delicatula (EA Smith, 1915), a species resurrected as valid, to which D. manueli (Prado, 1993) is regarded as a junior synonym, occurring along southeastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay and in temperate waters of Argentina. The shells of both species are characterized in detail, differing in outline and rib morphology. Apart from this, a study of the functional anatomy of D. muricata was performed. This species is a moderately rapid shallow burrower from intertidal and subtidal regions in coarse, grassy and muddy sand bottoms, presenting adaptations to live in low-energy environments of sheltered bays and inlets. It has short siphons, with the incurrent crowned with simple, finger-like tentacles, which prevent, but do not block completely excess material and/or large particles from entering the pallial cavity. In addition to presenting a wide pedal gape and the two siphonal openings, D. muricata is the first known cardiid having a temporary fourth mantle gape, this acting as a supplementary incurrent opening, and also serving for expulsion of pseudofaeces. Compared to the labial palps, the ctenidia in this species are large and involved in processing the bulk of material entering the mantle cavity. The densely folded labial palps are indicative that D. muricata deals with moderate to considerable amounts of material. D. muricata is a hermaphroditic bivalve species.Fil: Signorelli, Javier Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Leme da Fonseca, Mauricio. Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (PETROBRAS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Scarabino, Fabrizio. Universidad de la Republica. Centro Universitario Regional del Este.; UruguayFil: Dias Passos, Flavio. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia—Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP); Brasi

New perspectives on the dispersal mechanisms of the Antarctic brooding bivalve Mysella charcoti (Lamy, 1906)

Brooding is a widespread phenomenon among Antarctic bivalves. Although it should represent a handicap to dispersion, many brooding species have achieved a wide distribution in Antarctic and subanarctic waters, suggesting that they have alternative and effective methods of dispersal. Evidence of such an alternative method is presented here for the bivalve Mysella charcoti, unexpectedly found alive and healthy in feces expelled by Notothenia coriiceps (Nototheniidae: I Pisces). The finding indicates that the snug-fitting shell of Mysella functions as a barrier to digestive enzymes. Withstanding passage through the digestive tract of fish allows Mysella to be passively dispersed (within the home range of the fish) and colonize new habitats or recolonize shallow-water substrates severely impacted by ice scours