From Weyl-Heisenberg Frames to Infinite Quadratic Forms

Let $a$, $b$ be two fixed positive constants. A function $g\in L^2({\mathbb R})$ is called a \textit{mother Weyl-Heisenberg frame wavelet} for $(a,b)$ if $g$ generates a frame for $L^2({\mathbb R})$ under modulates by $b$ and translates by $a$, i.e., $\{e^{imbt}g(t-na\}_{m,n\in\mathbb{Z}}$ is a frame for $L^2(\mathbb{R})$. In this paper, we establish a connection between mother Weyl-Heisenberg frame wavelets of certain special forms and certain strongly positive definite quadratic forms of infinite dimension. Some examples of application in matrix algebra are provided

Weyl-Heisenberg Frame Wavelets with Basic Supports

Let $a$, $b$ be two fixed non-zero constants. A measurable set $E\subset \mathbb{R}$ is called a Weyl-Heisenberg frame set for $(a, b)$ if the function $g=\chi_{E}$ generates a Weyl-Heisenberg frame for $L^2(\mathbb{R})$ under modulates by $b$ and translates by $a$, i.e., $\{e^{imbt}g(t-na\}_{m,n\in\mathbb{Z}}$ is a frame for $L^2(\mathbb{R})$. It is an open question on how to characterize all frame sets for a given pair $(a,b)$ in general. In the case that $a=2\pi$ and $b=1$, a result due to Casazza and Kalton shows that the condition that the set $F=\bigcup_{j=1}^{k}([0,2\pi)+2n_{j}\pi)$ (where $\{n_{1}<n_{2}<...<n_{k}\}$ are integers) is a Weyl-Heisenberg frame set for $(2\pi,1)$ is equivalent to the condition that the polynomial $f(z)=\sum_{j=1}^{k}z^{n_{j}}$ does not have any unit roots in the complex plane. In this paper, we show that this result can be generalized to a class of more general measurable sets (called basic support sets) and to set theoretical functions and continuous functions defined on such sets.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure

The HOMFLY Polynomial of Links in Closed Braid Form

It is well known that any link can be represented by the closure of a braid. The minimum number of strings needed in a braid whose closure represents a given link is called the braid index of the link and the well known Morton-Frank-Williams inequality reveals a close relationship between the HOMFLY polynomial of a link and its braid index. In the case that a link is already presented in a closed braid form, Jaeger derived a special formulation of the HOMFLY polynomial. In this paper, we prove a variant of Jaeger's result as well as a dual version of it. Unlike Jaeger's original reasoning, which relies on representation theory, our proof uses only elementary geometric and combinatorial observations. Using our variant and its dual version, we provide a direct and elementary proof of the fact that the braid index of a link that has an $n$-string closed braid diagram that is also reduced and alternating, is exactly $n$. Until know this fact was only known as a consequence of a result due to Murasugi on fibered links that are star products of elementary torus links and of the fact that alternating braids are fibered.Comment: Substantial revisions: abstract changed relation of main theorems to earlier results better explaine

Gabor Functional Multiplier in the Higher Dimensions

For two given full-rank lattices $\mathcal{L}=A\mathbb{Z}^d$ and $\mathcal{K}=B\mathbb{Z}^d$ in $\mathbf{R}^d$, where $A$ and $B$ are nonsingular real $d\times d$ matrices, a function $g(\bf{t})\in L^2(\mathbf{R}^d)$ is called a Parseval Gabor frame generator if $\sum_{\bf{l},\bf{k}\in\mathbb{Z}^d}|\langle f, {e^{2\pi i\langle B\bf{k},\bf{t}\rangle}}g(\bf{t}-A\bf{l})\rangle|^2=\|f\|^2$ holds for any $f(\bf{t})\in L^2(\mathbf{R}^d)$. It is known that Parseval Gabor frame generators exist if and only if $|\det(AB)|\le 1$. A function $h\in L^{\infty}(\mathbf{R}^d)$ is called a functional Gabor frame multiplier if it has the property that $hg$ is a Parseval Gabor frame generator for $L^2(\mathbf{R}^d)$ whenever $g$ is. It is conjectured that an if and only if condition for a function $h\in L^{\infty}(\mathbf{R}^d)$ to be a functional Gabor frame multiplier is that $h$ must be unimodular and $h(\bf{x})\overline{h(\bf{x}-(B^T)^{-1}\bf{k})}=h(\bf{x}-A\bf{l})\overline{h(\bf{x}-A\bf{l}-(B^T)^{-1}\bf{k})},\ \forall\ \bf{x}\in \mathbf{R}^d {\em a.e.} for any \bf{l},\bf{k}\in \mathbb{Z}^d$,$\bf{k}\not=\bf{0}$. The if part of this conjecture is true and can be proven easily, however the only if part of the conjecture has only been proven in the one dimensional case to this date. In this paper we prove that the only if part of the conjecture holds in the two dimensional case

Writhe-like invariants of alternating links

It is known that the writhe calculated from any reduced alternating link diagram of the same (alternating) link has the same value. That is, it is a link invariant if we restrict ourselves to reduced alternating link diagrams. This is due to the fact that reduced alternating link diagrams of the same link are obtainable from each other via flypes and flypes do not change writhe. In this paper, we introduce several quantities that are derived from Seifert graphs of reduced alternating link diagrams. We prove that they are "writhe-like" invariants in the sense that they are also link invariants among reduced alternating link diagrams. The determination of these invariants are elementary and non-recursive so they are easy to calculate. We demonstrate that many different alternating links can be easily distinguished by these new invariants, even for large, complicated knots for which other invariants such as the Jones polynomial are hard to compute. As an application, we also derive an if and only if condition for a strongly invertible rational link.Comment: 16 pages, 18 figure

Relative Tutte Polynomials for Colored Graphs and Virtual Knot Theory

We introduce the concept of a relative Tutte polynomial of colored graphs. We show that this relative Tutte polynomial can be computed in a way similar to the classical spanning tree expansion used by Tutte in his original paper on this subject. We then apply the relative Tutte polynomial to virtual knot theory. More specifically, we show that the Kauffman bracket polynomial (hence the Jones polynomial) of a virtual knot can be computed from the relative Tutte polynomial of its face (Tait) graph with some suitable variable substitutions. Our method offers an alternative to the ribbon graph approach, using the face graph obtained from the virtual link diagram directly.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure

The Ropelengths of Knots Are Almost Linear in Terms of Their Crossing Numbers

For a knot or link K, let L(K) be the ropelength of K and Cr(K) be the crossing number of K. In this paper, we show that there exists a constant a>0 such that L(K) is bounded above by a Cr(K) ln^5 (Cr(K)) for any knot K. This result shows that the upper bound of the ropelength of any knot is almost linear in terms of its minimum crossing number.Comment: 53 pages, 28 figure

The number of oriented rational links with a given deficiency number

Let $U_n$ be the set of un-oriented and rational links with crossing number $n$, a precise formula for $|U_n|$ was obtained by Ernst and Sumners in 1987. In this paper, we study the enumeration problem of oriented rational links. Let $\Lambda_n$ be the set of oriented rational links with crossing number $n$ and let $\Lambda_n(d)$ be the set of oriented rational links with crossing number $n$ ($n\ge 2$) and deficiency $d$. In this paper, we derive precise formulas for $|\Lambda_n|$ and $|\Lambda_n(d)|$ for any given $n$ and $d$ and show that $$\Lambda_n(d)=F_{n-d-1}^{(d)}+\frac{1+(-1)^{nd}}{2}F^{(\lfloor \frac{d}{2}\rfloor)}_{\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor -\lfloor \frac{d+1}{2}\rfloor},$$ where $F_n^{(d)}$ is the convolved Fibonacci sequence.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl

Nullification of knots and links

In this paper, we study a geometric/topological measure of knots and links called the nullification number. The nullification of knots/links is believed to be biologically relevant. For example, in DNA topology, one can intuitively regard it as a way to measure how easily a knotted circular DNA can unknot itself through recombination of its DNA strands. It turns out that there are several different ways to define such a number. These definitions lead to nullification numbers that are related, but different. Our aim is to explore the mathematical properties of these nullification numbers. First, we give specific examples to show that the nullification numbers we defined are different. We provide detailed analysis of the nullification numbers for the well known 2-bridge knots and links. We also explore the relationships among the three nullification numbers, as well as their relationships with other knot invariants. Finally, we study a special class of links, namely those links whose general nullification number equals one. We show that such links exist in abundance. In fact, the number of such links with crossing number less than or equal to n grows exponentially with respect to n

Invariants of rational links represented by reduced alternating diagrams

A rational link may be represented by any of the (infinitely) many link diagrams corresponding to various continued fraction expansions of the same rational number. The continued fraction expansion of the rational number in which all signs are the same is called a {\em nonalternating form} and the diagram corresponding to it is a reduced alternating link diagram, which is minimum in terms of the number of crossings in the diagram. Famous formulas exist in the literature for the braid index of a rational link by Murasugi and for its HOMFLY polynomial by Lickorish and Millet, but these rely on a special continued fraction expansion of the rational number in which all partial denominators are even (called {\em all-even form}). In this paper we present an algorithmic way to transform a continued fraction given in nonalternating form into the all-even form. Using this method we derive formulas for the braid index and the HOMFLY polynomial of a rational link in terms of its reduced alternating form, or equivalently the nonalternating form of the corresponding rational number