The Iowa Homemaker vol.39A, no.5

People Without a Country, Carol Shellenbarger, page 4 Foster Parent Plan Aids Needy Children, Marcena Christian, page 5 The Music Goes Round and Round, Tom Emmerson, page 6 The History of Hose, Diane Houser, page 8 Milady’s Heels, Martha Glenn, page 9 Knit Your Own Squaw Valley Sweater, Suzanne Guernsey, page 10 Mincemeat – a Rich History, Sue Ellen Lieder, page 12 Christmas in Our Newest States, Beth Beecher, page 14 Christmas Shopping Section, Kay Thompson Maas, page 16 Futuristic Music Sphere, Mary Stoner, page 1

The Iowa Homemaker vol.40, no.1

As Others See Us, Tom Emmerson, Beth Lambeth and Sue Guernsey, page 6 China Cues for Smart Shoppers, Doris Post, page 8 Reflections of You, Sylvia Noid, page 9 Campus Tours, Inc., Patty Anderson, page 10 Child Development Experts Study “Multiple Mother” Effects, Carol Calhoon, page 11 Behind the TV Camera, Carolynn DeLay, page 12 Gray Meals, One Subject of Food Technology, Mary Ellen Muckenhirn, page 14 Coed Chooses Spring Fashion’s Fancy, Laveda Jansonius, page 17 Expand Your World, Marty Keeney, page 18 RAIN, Diane Houser, page 21 What’s Going On?, Carol Shellenbarger, page 2

Adjunctive rifampicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is a common cause of severe community-acquired and hospital-acquired infection worldwide. We tested the hypothesis that adjunctive rifampicin would reduce bacteriologically confirmed treatment failure or disease recurrence, or death, by enhancing early S aureus killing, sterilising infected foci and blood faster, and reducing risks of dissemination and metastatic infection. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults (≥18 years) with S aureus bacteraemia who had received ≤96 h of active antibiotic therapy were recruited from 29 UK hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via a computer-generated sequential randomisation list to receive 2 weeks of adjunctive rifampicin (600 mg or 900 mg per day according to weight, oral or intravenous) versus identical placebo, together with standard antibiotic therapy. Randomisation was stratified by centre. Patients, investigators, and those caring for the patients were masked to group allocation. The primary outcome was time to bacteriologically confirmed treatment failure or disease recurrence, or death (all-cause), from randomisation to 12 weeks, adjudicated by an independent review committee masked to the treatment. Analysis was intention to treat. This trial was registered, number ISRCTN37666216, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS: Between Dec 10, 2012, and Oct 25, 2016, 758 eligible participants were randomly assigned: 370 to rifampicin and 388 to placebo. 485 (64%) participants had community-acquired S aureus infections, and 132 (17%) had nosocomial S aureus infections. 47 (6%) had meticillin-resistant infections. 301 (40%) participants had an initial deep infection focus. Standard antibiotics were given for 29 (IQR 18-45) days; 619 (82%) participants received flucloxacillin. By week 12, 62 (17%) of participants who received rifampicin versus 71 (18%) who received placebo experienced treatment failure or disease recurrence, or died (absolute risk difference -1·4%, 95% CI -7·0 to 4·3; hazard ratio 0·96, 0·68-1·35, p=0·81). From randomisation to 12 weeks, no evidence of differences in serious (p=0·17) or grade 3-4 (p=0·36) adverse events were observed; however, 63 (17%) participants in the rifampicin group versus 39 (10%) in the placebo group had antibiotic or trial drug-modifying adverse events (p=0·004), and 24 (6%) versus six (2%) had drug interactions (p=0·0005). INTERPRETATION: Adjunctive rifampicin provided no overall benefit over standard antibiotic therapy in adults with S aureus bacteraemia. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

A new clinical protocol for the pharmacological management of acute behavioural disturbance

Objective: Psychiatry is awash with pharmacological acute behavioural disturbance protocols which list oral or intramuscular benzodiazepines and antipsychotics with numerous options. This results in frequent over-sedation and occasional profound sedation and death. This paper describes the development of a simplified sedation protocol for the pharmacological management of acute behavioural disturbance. Method: Following the wider availability of intramuscular lorazepam in 2008, Metro North Mental Health developed a protocol utilizing only two products - oral or intramuscular lorazepam or olanzapine - which was subsequently developed into a statewide protocol. Results: The advantage of utilizing only two sedating medications is that it greatly reduces the risk of profound sedation and theoretically reduces the risk of other complications including deaths. Clinical staff who have utilized the protocol report a reduction in over-sedation of inpatients. Conclusion: A simplified protocol makes the pharmacological management of acute behaviour disturbance safer for both patients and staff

The Iowa Homemaker vol.39A, no.5

People Without a Country, Carol Shellenbarger, page 4 Foster Parent Plan Aids Needy Children, Marcena Christian, page 5 The Music Goes Round and Round, Tom Emmerson, page 6 The History of Hose, Diane Houser, page 8 Milady’s Heels, Martha Glenn, page 9 Knit Your Own Squaw Valley Sweater, Suzanne Guernsey, page 10 Mincemeat – a Rich History, Sue Ellen Lieder, page 12 Christmas in Our Newest States, Beth Beecher, page 14 Christmas Shopping Section, Kay Thompson Maas, page 16 Futuristic Music Sphere, Mary Stoner, page 18</p

The Iowa Homemaker vol.40, no.1

As Others See Us, Tom Emmerson, Beth Lambeth and Sue Guernsey, page 6 China Cues for Smart Shoppers, Doris Post, page 8 Reflections of You, Sylvia Noid, page 9 Campus Tours, Inc., Patty Anderson, page 10 Child Development Experts Study “Multiple Mother” Effects, Carol Calhoon, page 11 Behind the TV Camera, Carolynn DeLay, page 12 Gray Meals, One Subject of Food Technology, Mary Ellen Muckenhirn, page 14 Coed Chooses Spring Fashion’s Fancy, Laveda Jansonius, page 17 Expand Your World, Marty Keeney, page 18 RAIN, Diane Houser, page 21 What’s Going On?, Carol Shellenbarger, page 22</p

Effects of Biodiversity on the Functioning of Trophic Groups and Ecosystems

Over the past decade, accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted an increasing number of studies to reduce species diversity experimentally and examine how this alters the efficiency by which communities capture resources and convert those into biomass1,2. So far, the generality of patterns and processes observed in individual studies have been the subjects of considerable debate3,4,5,6,7. Here we present a formal meta-analysis of studies that have experimentally manipulated species diversity to examine how it affects the functioning of numerous trophic groups in multiple types of ecosystem. We show that the average effect of decreasing species richness is to decrease the abundance or biomass of the focal trophic group, leading to less complete depletion of resources used by that group. At the same time, analyses reveal that the standing stock of, and resource depletion by, the most species-rich polyculture tends to be no different from that of the single most productive species used in an experiment. Of the known mechanisms that might explain these trends, results are most consistent with what is called the ‘sampling effect’, which occurs when diverse communities are more likely to contain and become dominated by the most productive species. Whether this mechanism is widespread in natural communities is currently controversial. Patterns we report are remarkably consistent for four different trophic groups (producers, herbivores, detritivores and predators) and two major ecosystem types (aquatic and terrestrial). Collectively, our analyses suggest that the average species loss does indeed affect the functioning of a wide variety of organisms and ecosystems, but the magnitude of these effects is ultimately determined by the identity of species that are going extinct