Pokazatelji rasta, vrijednosti lipida u serumu i masnokiselinskog sastava različitih tkiva tovnih pilića hranjenih hranom obogaćenom lanenim uljem tijekom produženog tova.

The influence of enriching the diet of chicken with 5% of linseed oil as a vegetable source of n3 fatty acids in the form of linolenic acid on the accumulation of n3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in different tissues was investigated. The fatty acid profile of the different tissues reflected dietary fatty acid profile. In general, the birds fed linseed oil showed a significant difference in the summarized value of n3 fatty acid (P<0.001) for thigh and adipose tissue. The increase in n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P<0.001) resulted in a significant decrease in n6 fatty acids (P<0.001) and n6/n3 ratio (P<0.001) in thigh and adipose tissue. The observed n6/n3 ratio in the edible tissue (thigh) of linseed oil fed birds in a prolonged feeding period was in accordance with dietary recommendations for human nutrition.U radu je istraživan utjecaj 5% dodatka lanenog ulja u hranu za piliće u produženom tovu na pokazatelje rasta, vrijednosti lipida u serumu te masnokiselinski sastav. U pokus je bilo uključeno 30 Ross 308 tovnih pilića, koji su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine od po 15 jedinki. Prva je skupina pilića u periodu od 25. do 55. dana dobivala hranu obogaćenu s 5% lanenog ulja, dok je druga skupina u istom periodu dobivala hranu s 5% suncokretovog ulja. Zabilježene vrijednosti proizvodnih rezultata i vrijednosti lipida u serumu pokazale su da nema značajne razlike između pokusnih skupina pilića. Masnokiselinski sastav pojedinih tkiva podložan je promjenama ovisno o sastavu hrane što je potvrđeno i ovim istraživanjem. Kod skupine pilića hranjenih dodatkom 5% lanenog ulja utvrđena je značajna razlika ukupnih vrijednosti n3 masnih kiselina (P<0,001) u mišićju batka i trbušnom masnom tkivu. Povećanje n3 višestruko nezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA) (P<0,001) rezultira značajnim smanjenjem n6 masnih kiselina (P<0,001) i n6/n3 omjerom u mišićju batka i masnom tkivu. Omjer n6/n3 koji smo utvrdili kod tovnih pilića hranjenih lanenim uljem tijekom produženog razdoblja tova u skladu je s preporukama Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije

Feeding of a raw meat based diet to dogs and cats: benefits and risks

Osim uvriježenog načina hranjenja pasa i mačaka termički obrađenom (ekstrudiranom ili konzerviranom) hranom, u posljednjem desetljeću sve aktualniji postaje trend hranjenja pasa i mačaka obrocima na osnovi sirovog mesa (engl. raw meat based diet, RMBD). Nedostatak opsežnih kohortnih istraživanja rezultat je sveprisutne rasprave o razini potencijalnog rizika i, s druge strane, pozitivnih učinaka takve prehrane. Dostupne informacije rezultat su istraživanja koja su provedena na malom uzorku u kratkom razdoblju, izjavama vlasnika i proizvođača te prikaza slučaja ili su dostupne u obliku popularne nerecenzirane literature: knjiga i članaka. S druge strane, istraživanja koja upućuju na javnozdravstveni rizik prilikom hranjenja kućnih ljubimaca RMBD formulacijama brojnija su, no tek se nekolicina njih temelji na usporedbi rizika hranjenja sirovim i termički obrađenim obrocima. Kao posljedica navedenoga stav o prednostima i rizicima hranjenja kućnih ljubimaca RMBD obrocima unutar veterinarske struke i javnosti nije jedinstven te su iz tog razloga informacije dostupne vlasnicima kućnih ljubimaca i članovima kućanstva često oprečne i nejasne. Stoga je cilj ove rasprave dati pregled dosadašnjih spoznaja o hranjenju RMBD obrocima i pružiti smjernice kako bi se umanjili rizici prilikom korištenja.Besides the standard form of feeding dogs and cats with heat processed feed (extruded or canned), over the last decade we have witnessed a rise in a feeding trend using a raw meat based diet (RMBD). The lack of good quality cohort studies has resulted in a general discussion on the subject of the potential risks and benefits that arise from this feeding practice. The available information derives from studies conducted on a small sample over a short period of time, owners’ or manufacturers’ testimonials and case reports, or it is available in the form of popular publications: articles or books that have not undergone peer review. On the other hand, research based on evaluation for infectious disease risks when feeding a RMBD is of better quantity, but few have compared the risk of feeding RMBDs with that of feeding heat processed formulations. The consequence is a lack of a general stance towards the benefits and risks of feeding RMBD formulations, and a deficit of uniform and clear information available for pet owners and household members. The aim of this review is to provide information based on scientific publications regarding a RMBD feeding regimen, and to provide guidelines, in order to minimize the possible risks

Pokazatelji rasta, vrijednosti lipida u serumu i masnokiselinskog sastava različitih tkiva tovnih pilića hranjenih hranom obogaćenom lanenim uljem tijekom produženog tova.

The influence of enriching the diet of chicken with 5% of linseed oil as a vegetable source of n3 fatty acids in the form of linolenic acid on the accumulation of n3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in different tissues was investigated. The fatty acid profile of the different tissues reflected dietary fatty acid profile. In general, the birds fed linseed oil showed a significant difference in the summarized value of n3 fatty acid (P<0.001) for thigh and adipose tissue. The increase in n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P<0.001) resulted in a significant decrease in n6 fatty acids (P<0.001) and n6/n3 ratio (P<0.001) in thigh and adipose tissue. The observed n6/n3 ratio in the edible tissue (thigh) of linseed oil fed birds in a prolonged feeding period was in accordance with dietary recommendations for human nutrition.U radu je istraživan utjecaj 5% dodatka lanenog ulja u hranu za piliće u produženom tovu na pokazatelje rasta, vrijednosti lipida u serumu te masnokiselinski sastav. U pokus je bilo uključeno 30 Ross 308 tovnih pilića, koji su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine od po 15 jedinki. Prva je skupina pilića u periodu od 25. do 55. dana dobivala hranu obogaćenu s 5% lanenog ulja, dok je druga skupina u istom periodu dobivala hranu s 5% suncokretovog ulja. Zabilježene vrijednosti proizvodnih rezultata i vrijednosti lipida u serumu pokazale su da nema značajne razlike između pokusnih skupina pilića. Masnokiselinski sastav pojedinih tkiva podložan je promjenama ovisno o sastavu hrane što je potvrđeno i ovim istraživanjem. Kod skupine pilića hranjenih dodatkom 5% lanenog ulja utvrđena je značajna razlika ukupnih vrijednosti n3 masnih kiselina (P<0,001) u mišićju batka i trbušnom masnom tkivu. Povećanje n3 višestruko nezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA) (P<0,001) rezultira značajnim smanjenjem n6 masnih kiselina (P<0,001) i n6/n3 omjerom u mišićju batka i masnom tkivu. Omjer n6/n3 koji smo utvrdili kod tovnih pilića hranjenih lanenim uljem tijekom produženog razdoblja tova u skladu je s preporukama Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije

The Effect of Semi-Natural Grassland Cutting Height on the Nutritive Value of Fermented Forage

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value of fermented forage from semi-natural grassland harvested at 3 cutting heights: (i) cutting height 2 cm, (ii) cutting height 6 cm and (iii) cutting height 13 cm. Fresh forage was wilted separately according to investigated treatments for 24 hours before ensiling into experimental silos. After 35-day fermentation, the ensiled forage dry matter (DM) was determined while the chemical composition, fermentation quality and biological quality parameters were predicted by NIR spectroscopy. The following parameters were predicted: corrected DM (CDM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acidic detergent fiber (ADF), metabolic energy (ME), fermentable ME in ME (FME/ME), NH3-N, sugar residues, the digestibility of the OM in the DM (D-value) and CP degradability. Ensiled forage cut at 13 cm above the ground level had significantly lower OM content (P < 0.05) but higher ME, and D-value (P < 0.05) in comparison with forage cut at 2 or 6 cm above the ground level. The CP content was significantly affected by the cutting height (P < 0.001). The CP content was the highest at forage cut at the highest residual stubble height and was getting lower as the cutting height decreased (P < 0.001). Cutting at 2 cm above the ground level resulted in forage lower in sugar residues (P < 0.05) in comparison with cutting at higher residual stubble height (6 cm and 13 cm). It was concluded that the higher cutting height promotes higher nutritive value of fermented forage from semi-natural grassland compared to the quality of fermented forage defoliated at the lower cutting height

Enteral feeding with nasoesophageal and nasogastric tubes in dogs and cats

Pilikom zaprimanja novih pacijenata važno je uočiti pothranjene pacijente, ali i sve one kojima potpora u obliku enteralne prehrane može pomoći pri pozitivnom ishodu liječenja. Ako životinja odbija samostalno uzimati hranu ili ne unosi hranu u dovoljnoj količini da bi zadovoljila energijske potrebe u mirovanju, pristupa se enteralnoj prehrani. Kratkoročna enteralna prehrana indicirana je u onih pacijenata u kojih je očekivano razdoblje za enteralnim hranjenjem kratko, najčešće do tjedan dana. U tu se svrhu uglavnom prednost daje postavljanju nazoezofagealne i nazogastrične te, rjeđe, nazojejunalne sonde. Glavna je prednost ovih sondi jednostavnost postavljanja, bez potrebe za općom anestezijom. Polimerni tekući pripravci prvi su izbor zbog uskog lumena sondi, ali uz adekvatno razrjeđenje moguće je koristiti i komercijalne polutekuće pripravake (konzerve). Odabir prehrane ovisit će o individualnim potrebama svake životinje, njihovu zdravstvenom i prehrambenom statusu, ali i o dostupnosti i cjenovnoj pristupačnosti pojedinog pripravka.When admitting new patients, it is important to detect malnourished patients and all those whom nutritional support can help with a positive treatment outcome. If the animal refuses to eat on its own or does not consume enough food to meet its resting energy requirements, assisted feeding is initiated. Short-term enteral nutrition is indicated in patients where the expected time period for nutritional support is short, usually up to a week. For this purpose, the choice is usually between a nasoesophageal and nasogastric tube, and less often a nasojejunal tube. The main advantages of these feeding tubes are the possibility of placement without the need for general anesthesia, ease of placement and cost-effectiveness. Polymeric liquid diets are the first choice due to the narrow lumen of the tubes, but with adequate dilution, it is also possible to use commercial semi-liquid diets (canned diets). The choice of diet depends on the individual needs of each animal, their health and nutritional status, but also on the availability and affordability of each diet

Fatty acids of serum phospholipids as biomarkers of nutritional status in mouflon population: influence of age and gender

Cilj istraživanja bila je optimizacija metode za utvrđivanje masnokiselinskoga sastava fosfolipida seruma. Istraživanje je provedeno na populaciji od 40 mufl ona podijeljenih prema dobi na tri skupine (mlađi od dvije godine, između dvije i tri godine i stariji od tri godine) te prema spolu. Nakon izolacije ukupni lipidi razdvojeni su primjenom tankoslojne kromatografi je na polarne (fosfolipidi) i neutralne. Nakon razdvajanja fosfolipidi su transesterifi cirani u oblik metilnih estera masnih kiselina i analizirani metodom plinske kromatografi je. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su značajan utjecaj dobi na koncentraciju pojedinih masnih kiselina i zbirni profi l. Nasuprot tomu, spol nije značajnije utjecao na koncentraciju masnih kiselina. Rezultati su potvrdili kako je riječ o primjenjivoj i relativno jednostavnoj metodi. Takva metoda može imati široki raspon primjene, od procjene hranidbenoga statusa i okoliša divljih životinja do kontrole i prevencije prekomjerne tjelesne mase, metaboličkoga sindroma i šećerne bolesti kod kućnih ljubimaca.The aim of the investigation was optimization of the method for determination of fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids. The study was conducted on a population of 40 moufl on divided into three age groups (under two years, between two and three years and older than three years) and into male and female group. After isolation, total lipids were separated using thin layer chromatography into polar (phospholipids) and neutral lipids. After the separation, phospholipids were transesterifeid and analyzed by gas chromatography in the form of fatty acid methyl esters. The results showed a signifi cant effect of age on the concentration of individual fatty acids and on the summarized profi le. In contrast, gender did not infl uence the concentration of fatty acids. Results have confi rmed that described method is applicable and relatively simple for routine analyses. The method can have a wide range of applications, from the assessment of wildlife nutritional status to the control and prevention of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes in pets

Vrijednosti za acidobazni status te hematološke i biokemijske pokazatelje za populaciju Grantove zebre (Equus quagga boehmi) u zoološkim vrtovima

The study was carried out on 14 female and 12 male Grant’s zebras to investigate the acid-base status, hematological and serum biochemistry values of a captive population. Sampling was performed during the years 2010 and 2011. The examined parameters included: acid-base parameters, hematology, serum biochemistry, enzyme activity and serum minerals. The most noticeable differences from zebras in other studies were higher MCHC and MCH values and lower MCV values. In comparison to domestic and wild horses, the zebras had very similar values for hematological parameters. Hematological values did not differ between males and females. Determination of acid-base status revealed similar values to domestic and wild horses, with high variations only in chloride values. Zebras had similar values to healthy horses for total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, ALP, ALT, AST and albumin/globulin ratio, while their GGT was higher We found significant differences between male and female zebras for five biochemical parameters. Female zebras had higher values for ALT, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio and triglycerides than males, while males had significantly higher values for GGT and AST. The findings of this study may be useful to veterinary clinicians or biologists working with captive or free-ranging zebras. Future studies should focus on the link between diet and blood metabolites, and stress hormones in Grant’s zebra and similar animals.Istraživanje je provedeno na 14 ženskih i 12 muških Grantovih zebri kako bi se utvrdile vrijednosti za acidobazni status te hematološke i biokemijske vrijednosti kod populacije u zoološkim vrtovima. Uzorci seruma uzeti su tijekom 2011. i 2012. te su pretraženi na: 14 pokazatelja acidobaznog statusa, 13 hematoloških, 10 metabolita te 4 enzima i 3 minerala. Najveća odstupanja u odnosu na druge studije bile su veće MCHC i MCH vrijednosti i niže vrijednosti MCV. U usporedbi s domaćim i divljim konjima, zebre su imale vrlo slične vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja. Hematološke vrijednosti se nisu značajno razlikovale ovisno o spolu. Određivanje acidobaznog statusa pokazalo je slične vrijednosti prema domaćim i divljim konjima s izuzetkom vrijednosti klora. Zebre su imale slične vrijednosti za ukupne proteine, trigliceride, ukupni kolesterol, ALP, ALT, AST i omjer albumin/globulin kao zdravi konji, dok je GGT vrijednost bila veća. Ustanovljene su značajne razlike između mužjaka i ženki za pet biokemijskih parametara. Ženke su imale više vrijednosti za trigliceride, omjer albumina i globulina, albumine i ALT u odnosu na mužjake, dok su mužjaci imali značajno više vrijednosti za GGT i AST. Nalazi ovog istraživanja mogu biti korisni za veterinare i biologe koji rade sa zebrama u divljini ili u zoološkim vrtovima. Buduća istraživanja treba usmjeriti na vezu između prehrane i krvnih metabolita te hormona stresa od Grantovih zebri i ostalih divljih ekvida