Radiological Findings of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung 2018–2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death worldwide, especially in children. Indonesia is ranked second as the largest contributor to TB. Chest X-rays have been used to diagnose pulmonary TB in children, however, the results are varied. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the radiological findings among children with pulmonary TB. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study was conducted by analyzing the chest X-ray findings retrieved from the medical records of all pulmonary TB children treated at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital during 2018 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were medical records of patients aged 1 month to 18 years diagnosed with pulmonary TB who underwent chest X-ray (n=223).Results: The highest incidence of pulmonary TB was found in the group of 10–18 years (43.9%) and female (50.2%). The results of chest X-ray were infiltrates (65.0%), lymphadenopathy (11.7%), cavity (7.6%), calcifications (7.6%), miliary (4.9%), pleural effusion (3.1%) and atelectasis (1.8%). Conclusion: Infiltrates are the major finding on Chest X-ray in children with TB.

Radiological Findings of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung 2018–2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death worldwide, especially in children. Indonesia is ranked second as the largest contributor to TB. Chest X-rays have been used to diagnose pulmonary TB in children, however, the results are varied. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the radiological findings among children with pulmonary TB. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study was conducted by analyzing the chest X-ray findings retrieved from the medical records of all pulmonary TB children treated at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital during 2018 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were medical records of patients aged 1 month to 18 years diagnosed with pulmonary TB who underwent chest X-ray (n=223).Results: The highest incidence of pulmonary TB was found in the group of 10–18 years (43.9%) and female (50.2%). The results of chest X-ray were infiltrates (65.0%), lymphadenopathy (11.7%), cavity (7.6%), calcifications (7.6%), miliary (4.9%), pleural effusion (3.1%) and atelectasis (1.8%). Conclusion: Infiltrates are the major finding on Chest X-ray in children with TB.

TROMBOEMBOLI PARU PADA ANAK

Tromboemboli paru dapat terjadi akibat adanya obstruksi pembuluh darah paru oleh trombi. Tromboemboli paru jarang didiagnosis dan dilaporkan pada anak, kebanyakan bahkan tidak terdiagnosis sampai setelah dilakukan otopsi. Penyakit yang pada dewasa meningkatkan risiko terjadinya tromboemboli juga berlaku untuk anak dan remaja. Penderita dengan tromboemboli paru biasanya mempunyai penyakit yang mendasari ataupun faktor pencetus, seperti imobilisasi, penggunaan vena sentral, penyakit jantung, trauma, operasi, infeksi, dehidrasi, keganasan, kelainan hematologi, serta kegemukan. Lokasi anatomis trombus vena pada anak berbeda dengan dewasa yaitu pada vena kranialis dan abdominalis, serta seringkali manifestasi klinisnya tidak jelas. Pada anak, tomboemboli paru harus dipertimbangkan pada beberapa keadaan, antara lain dalam mengevaluasi hipertensi paru yang tidak bisa diterangkan penyebabnya, insufisiensi respirasi, dan koagulasi intravaskular diseminata (KID). Pemeriksaan angiografi paru masih merupakan gold-standard untuk mendiagnosis tromboemboli paru dan merupakan pemeriksaan yang invasif. Pemeriksaan non-invasif multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning yang mempunyai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tinggi merupakan teknik yang diharapkan dapat menggantikan pemeriksaan angiografi paru. Protokol pengobatan untuk anak masih belum berkembang, tetapi hingga saat ini antikoagulasi merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah perluasan bekuan dan rekurensi tromboemboli.Kata kunci: Tromboemboli paru, angiografi paru, multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning, anakPULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM IN CHILDRENPulmonary thromboembolism could be happened because of pulmonary vessel obstruction by thrombi. Pulmonary thromboembolism is rarely diagnosed and reported in children, most of them are not diagnosed before autopsy was done. All adult diseases that increase the risk of thromboembolism occur in children and adolescent as well. Patients with pulmonary thromboembolism usually have serious underlying disorders or precipitating factors, such as immobility, central venous catheterization, heart disease, trauma, surgery, infection, dehydration, malignancies, hematologic disorders, and obesity. The anatomic site of venous thrombi in children differs from those in adult, which more likely to involve cranial or abdominal veins, and often asymptomatic. Pulmonary thromboembolism in children should be considered in the evaluation of unexplained pulmonary hypertension, respiratory insufficiency, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pulmonary angiography is considered to be the gold-standard for diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism, and it is an invasive procedure. Non-invasif procedure multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning with high sensitivity and specificity is promising technique may replace pulmonary angiography. Although definitive protocols for treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in children have not been improved yet, but until now anticoagulation drugs is used to prevent clot extension and recurrent thromboembolim.Key words: Pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary angiography, multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning, children DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v41n1.25

TROMBOEMBOLI PARU PADA ANAK

Tromboemboli paru dapat terjadi akibat adanya obstruksi pembuluh darah paru oleh trombi. Tromboemboli paru jarang didiagnosis dan dilaporkan pada anak, kebanyakan bahkan tidak terdiagnosis sampai setelah dilakukan otopsi. Penyakit yang pada dewasa meningkatkan risiko terjadinya tromboemboli juga berlaku untuk anak dan remaja. Penderita dengan tromboemboli paru biasanya mempunyai penyakit yang mendasari ataupun faktor pencetus, seperti imobilisasi, penggunaan vena sentral, penyakit jantung, trauma, operasi, infeksi, dehidrasi, keganasan, kelainan hematologi, serta kegemukan. Lokasi anatomis trombus vena pada anak berbeda dengan dewasa yaitu pada vena kranialis dan abdominalis, serta seringkali manifestasi klinisnya tidak jelas. Pada anak, tomboemboli paru harus dipertimbangkan pada beberapa keadaan, antara lain dalam mengevaluasi hipertensi paru yang tidak bisa diterangkan penyebabnya, insufisiensi respirasi, dan koagulasi intravaskular diseminata (KID). Pemeriksaan angiografi paru masih merupakan gold-standard untuk mendiagnosis tromboemboli paru dan merupakan pemeriksaan yang invasif. Pemeriksaan non-invasif multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning yang mempunyai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tinggi merupakan teknik yang diharapkan dapat menggantikan pemeriksaan angiografi paru. Protokol pengobatan untuk anak masih belum berkembang, tetapi hingga saat ini antikoagulasi merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah perluasan bekuan dan rekurensi tromboemboli.Kata kunci: Tromboemboli paru, angiografi paru, multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning, anakPULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM IN CHILDRENPulmonary thromboembolism could be happened because of pulmonary vessel obstruction by thrombi. Pulmonary thromboembolism is rarely diagnosed and reported in children, most of them are not diagnosed before autopsy was done. All adult diseases that increase the risk of thromboembolism occur in children and adolescent as well. Patients with pulmonary thromboembolism usually have serious underlying disorders or precipitating factors, such as immobility, central venous catheterization, heart disease, trauma, surgery, infection, dehydration, malignancies, hematologic disorders, and obesity. The anatomic site of venous thrombi in children differs from those in adult, which more likely to involve cranial or abdominal veins, and often asymptomatic. Pulmonary thromboembolism in children should be considered in the evaluation of unexplained pulmonary hypertension, respiratory insufficiency, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pulmonary angiography is considered to be the gold-standard for diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism, and it is an invasive procedure. Non-invasif procedure multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning with high sensitivity and specificity is promising technique may replace pulmonary angiography. Although definitive protocols for treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in children have not been improved yet, but until now anticoagulation drugs is used to prevent clot extension and recurrent thromboembolim.Key words: Pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary angiography, multidetector helical/spiral computerized tomography scanning, children DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v41n1.25

Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Papan Partikel Limbah Kulit Buah Kakao Berpenguat Batang Kayu Jabon

Penelitian ini memanfaatkan limbah kulit buah kakao sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan partikel. Untuk memperbaiki sifat fisis dan mekanis dari papan partikel ini, ditambahkan batang kayu jabon yang berperan sebagai penguat. Pabrikasi papan partikel berukuran 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm diawali dengan pencampuran bahan baku, urea formaldehyde (UF), parafin, dan katalis. Kemudian bahan-bahan tersebut di kempa dengan tekanan 30 N/cm2 pada suhu 150°C selama 8 menit. Dilakukan 7 variasi komposisi massa antara kulit buah kakao dan batang kayu jabon secara berturut-turut adalah 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, dan 0:100. Papan partikel diuji melalui uji fisis yaitu kerapatan, kadar air, pengembangan tebal dan uji mekanis yaitu modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB), kuat pegang sekrup. Hasil pengujian papan partikel mengacu pada standar JIS A 5908:2003. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, nilai kerapatan sudah memenuhi standar dengan interval nilai 0,760 g/cm3 sampai 0,855 g/cm3. Setelah penambahan batang kayu jabon, sifat fisis dan mekanis mengalami peningkatan kualitas dibandingkan dengan papan partikel tanpa batang kayu jabon. Nilai kadar air dan pengembangan tebal menurun seiring dengan penambahan penguat. Begitu juga dengan nilai MOE, MOR, IB, dan kuat pegang sekrup semakin meningkat saat kuantitas penguat semakin banyak.Kata Kunci : batang kayu jabon, kulit buah kakao, papan partikel, dan penguat

Undernutrition Affects the Occurence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five Years Old in Cipacing Rural

Background: Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) aims to decrease mortality in children will be achieved if the cause ofmortality include ARIs is eliminated. Acute respiratory infections are influenced by some factorssuch as nutritional status. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between nutritional status andthe occurrence of ARIs in children.Methods: This study used retrospective cohort approach during October─November 2012. One hundred and ten mothers with children under five years old with different nutritional status were randomly selected and then asked about their history of respiratory symptoms. Data were analyzed using chi square test.Results: About 66 under five children (60%) with good nutrition status had ARIs occurrence of <7 times and 5 children (4.5%) had ARIs≥7 times. In children with undernutrition, about 30 children (27.3%) had ARIs<7 times and 9 children (8.2%) had ARIs≥7 times. Bivariate analysis result showed that there was a correlation between nutritional status with the occurrence of ARIs in under five children (p<0.05).Conclusions: Acute respiratory tract infections are often experienced by undernutrition children. This study strengthens the essential to correct nutritional status to prevent the infections in children. DOI: 10.15850/amj.v2n3.49

Undernutrition Affects the Occurence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five Years Old in Cipacing Rural

Background: Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) aims to decrease mortality in children will be achieved if the cause ofmortality include ARIs is eliminated. Acute respiratory infections are influenced by some factorssuch as nutritional status. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between nutritional status andthe occurrence of ARIs in children. Methods: This study used retrospective cohort approach during October─November 2012. One hundred and ten mothers with children under five years old with different nutritional status were randomly selected and then asked about their history of respiratory symptoms. Data were analyzed using chi square test. Results: About 66 under five children (60%) with good nutrition status had ARIs occurrence of <7 times and 5 children (4.5%) had ARIs≥7 times. In children with undernutrition, about 30 children (27.3%) had ARIs<7 times and 9 children (8.2%) had ARIs≥7 times. Bivariate analysis result showed that there was a correlation between nutritional status with the occurrence of ARIs in under five children (p<0.05). Conclusions: Acute respiratory tract infections are often experienced by undernutrition children. This study strengthens the essential to correct nutritional status to prevent the infections in children

Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Mental-Emotional Status in Children during Their First 1000 Days of Life

Vitamin D receptors are widely expressed in brain tissue, including in the limbic system that plays a role in children's mental and emotional development. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between 25-(OH)-D level and children's mental-emotional development during their first 1000 days of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged ≤2 years old in Waled and Sukabumi regions using secondary data from previous cohort investigations entitled "The Role of Vitamin D in Efforts to Reduce Maternal and Infant mortality". The measurement of 25-(OH)-D concentration and assessment of the mental-emotional development were performed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE) questionnaire. Other child and maternal characteristics, and several laboratory results, were also obtained. Statistical analyses were performed using the Spearman rank, Pearson correlation test, and multivariate linear regression analysis. A total of ninety-two children were included, and the median vitamin D level of the population was 20.17 ng/mL (IQR 4.43–49.97). The correlation analysis showed that no significant relationship between children's mental-emotional scores and the parameters tested, including the concentration of 25-(OH)-D (correlation coefficient 0.08; p=0.446). There was no relationship between the vitamin D concentration and mental-emotional development. Based on these results, it is concluded that there is no correlation between 25-(OH)-D concentration and children’s mental-emotional development during the first 1000 days of life. However, further investigations are recommended to eliminate various confounding factors