Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics: A Simple, All Purpose Model

To predict the drug hemeatic levels after administration is a goal of great interest in the design of novel pharmaceutical systems and in therapies management. The most reliable approach in pharmacokinetic modeling consists in analyzing the physiology of the living beings and in describing tissues and organs as different biochemical reactors. These models have been identified as physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). They can be very detailed in the description, but, in this case, they also claim for the knowledge of an high number of parameters which are difficult to be determined by experiments. In this work, a review of the most complete PBPK models proposed in literature was performed, and a novel PBPK model was developed and validated by comparison with in vivo data available in the literature. The appeals of the novel model are its simplicity and the limited number of parameters required. Last but not least, it was proved able to predict the hemeatic drug levels after different kinds of administrations (intravenous injection, oral assumption of delayed release tablets)

Using simple sequence repeats in 9 brassica complex species to assess hypertrophic curd induction

Five Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were used to assess the relationship between inflorescence characteristics and their allelic variation in 53 Brassica oleracea and Brassica wild relatives (n = 9). Curd morphometric traits, such as weight (CW), height (CH), diameter (CD1), shape (CS) inflorescence curvature angle (CA), and its curd stem diameter (CD2), were measured. The aim of the work was to analyze the relationships among the allelic patterns of the SSRs primers utilized, and their status of homo or heterozygosity registered at each locus, as well as the inflorescence morphometric traits in order to individuate genomic regions stimulating the hypertrophy of this reproductive organ. The relationships found explain the diversity among B. oleracea complex species (n = 9) for the inflorescence size and structure, allowing important time reduction during the breeding process by crossing wild species, transferring useful resistance, and organoleptic and nutraceutical traits. The five SSRs loci were BoABI1, BoAP1, BoPLD1, BoTHL1, and PBCGSSRBo39. According to the allelic variation ascertained, we evaluated the heterozygosity index (H) for each SSR above cited. The results showed a significant interaction between the H index of the BoPLD1 gene and the inflorescence characteristics, summarized by the First Principal Component (PC1) (p-value = 0.0244); we ascertained a negative correlation between the H index and inflorescence characteristics, namely CW, CH, CD1, CD2, CA. The homozygosity BoPLD1 alelles, indicated by the H index, affect the inflorescence characteristics and broccoli and cauliflower yields

Co-operative surveillance cameras for high quality face acquisition in a real-time door monitoring system

A poster session on co-operative surveillance cameras for high quality face acquisition in a real-time door monitoring syste

Lyapunov Exponents for Temporal Networks

By interpreting a temporal network as a trajectory of a latent graph dynamical system, we introduce the concept of dynamical instability of a temporal network, and construct a measure to estimate the network Maximum Lyapunov Exponent (nMLE) of a temporal network trajectory. Extending conventional algorithmic methods from nonlinear time-series analysis to networks, we show how to quantify sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and estimate the nMLE directly from a single network trajectory. We validate our method for a range of synthetic generative network models displaying low and high dimensional chaos, and finally discuss potential applications

Postoperative infectious complications in head and neck cancer surgery

Aim: In our work we have considered the problems related to the post-operative hospitalization in patients admitted to our ENT's department in the last 4 years. Material of study: Our observations refer to a sample of 155 patients suffering from head and neck tumors. Results: Regarding therapy, some drugs have been less effective to prevent post-operative infection: the ceftriaxone at the level of the oral cavity/oropharynx and ceftriaxone/pefloxacin at the level of the hypopharynx/larynx. Discussion: Post-operative infections in cancer surgery can compromise not only the surgical outcome but also be responsible for delays for any adjuvant treatments. Post-operative infections risk in head-neck cancer surgery drops from 30- 80 % to 20 % with perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Despite the introduction of pre-operative prophylaxis , according to guidelines, the number of post-surgical infections still remains high (40/61% of cases). It is important to know the intrinsic risk factors (related to the patient) and extrinsic (related to the external environment and the same procedure) to better understand how to prevent infections. Prolonged hospitalization can expose patients to the risk of hospital pathogens. Conclusion: We tried to outline a profile of head-neck cancer patients more likely to contract post-operative infections. We also compared the effects of various antibiotics administered before and after the onset of complications to suggest a therapeutic protocol. Key words: Antibiotics therapy Post-operative infectious, Prophylaxis in head and neck surgery

A parametric study on unbalanced three phase islanded microgrids with inverter interfaced units

In this paper, the solution of the power flow for unbalanced three phase microgrids systems is proposed. The study aims at the integration of inverter interfaced units using the control law used for primary voltage and frequency regulation, so as to take into account possible small variations of these parameters to account for sudden load changes. The proposed study deals with unbalanced systems which is the typical case of small distribution systems and shows how the power losses term varies as the regulators parameters vary as well, thus showing that these are sensitive parameters that could have an important role in optimal management of such system

Age- and sex-related variations in platelet count in Italy: a proposal of reference ranges based on 40987 subjects' data

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although several studies demonstrated that platelet count is higher in women, decreases with age, and is influenced by genetic background, most clinical laboratories still use the reference interval 150-400×10(9) platelets/L for all subjects. The present study was to identify age- and sex-specific reference intervals for platelet count. METHODS: We analysed electronic records of subjects enrolled in three population-based studies that investigated inhabitants of seven Italian areas including six geographic isolates. After exclusion of patients with malignancies, liver diseases, or inherited thrombocytopenias, which could affect platelet count, reference intervals were estimated from 40,987 subjects with the non parametric method computing the 2.5° and 97.5° percentiles. RESULTS: Platelet count was similar in men and women until the age of 14, but subsequently women had steadily more platelets than men. The number of platelets decreases quickly in childhood, stabilizes in adulthood, and further decreases in oldness. The final result of this phenomenon is that platelet count in old age was reduced by 35% in men and by 25% in women compared with early infancy. Based on these findings, we estimated reference intervals for platelet count ×10(9)/L in children (176-452), adult men (141-362), adult women (156-405), old men (122-350) and, old women (140-379). Moreover, we calculated an extended reference interval that takes into account the differences in platelet count observed in different geographic areas. CONCLUSIONS: The age-, sex-, and origin-related variability of platelet count is very wide, and the patient-adapted reference intervals we propose change the thresholds for diagnosing both thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis in Italy

Highly selective toxic and proapoptotic effects of two dimeric ribonucleases on thyroid cancer cells compared to the effects of doxorubicin

The lack of selectivity of conventional antitumour drugs against cancer cells is responsible for their high toxicity. The development of new tumour-specific drugs is therefore highly needed. We tested the cytotoxic effects and the nature of cell death induced by a naturally dimeric bovine RNase and a newly engineered dimeric human RNase upon three genetically well-defined normal and malignant thyroid cell systems. RNases effects were compared with those of doxorubicin, a conventional antineoplastic drug. Our results show significant and selective proapoptotic effects exerted on tumour cells by both RNases, the strength of their cytotoxic and apoptotic activity being directly related to the degree of cell malignancy. No toxic effects were observed upon normal cells. Doxorubicin showed, instead, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects also against normal cells. The in vitro results were corroborated by the antitumour action of both dimeric RNases towards a malignant human thyroid tumour grown in nude mice. These results indicate a selective action of dimeric RNases against cancer cells and suggest the potential application of these molecules or their derivatives to the treatment of aggressive subtypes of thyroid cancer

Ultra-processed food consumption and its correlates among Italian children, adolescents and adults from the Italian Nutrition & Health Survey (INHES) cohort study

Objective: To assess ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and its socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioural correlates in a general population of Italian children, adolescents and adults. Design: Cross-sectional telephone-based survey Setting: Italy, 2010-2013. Participants: In total, 9078 participants (5-97 years) from the Italian Nutrition & Health Survey. Dietary intakes were collected by a 1-d 24-h dietary recall. UPF was defined by the NOVA classification and expressed as percentage of total energies. Results: Average energy intake from UPF (95 % CI) was 17·3 % (17·1 %, 17·6 %) among adults and 25·9 % (24·8 %, 27·0 %) in children/adolescents. Top sources of UPF were processed meats (32·5 %) and bread substitutes (16·7 %). Among adults, age (β = -3·10; 95 % CI (-4·40, -1·80) for >65 years v. 20-40 years; βs are dimensionless) and residing in Southern Italy (β = -0·73; 95 % CI (-1·32, -0·14) v. Northern) inversely associated with UPF. Screen view during meals was directly linked to UPF, as well as poor self-rated health (β = 5·32; 95 % CI (2·66, 7·99)), adverse life events (β = 2·33; 95 % CI (1·48, 3·18)) and low sleep quality (β = 2·34; 95 % CI (1·45, 3·23)). Boys consumed two-point percent more UPF of the total energy than girls (β = 2·01; 95 % CI (0·20, 3·82)). For all ages, a Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with UPF (β = -4·86; 95 % CI (-5·53, -4·20) for good v. poor adherence in adults and (β = -5·08; 95 % CI (-8·38, -1·77) for kids). Conclusions: UPF contributes a modest proportion of energy to the diets of Italian adults while being one-quarter of the total energies in children/adolescents. UPF was associated with several psychosocial factors and eating behaviours. Increased adherence to Mediterranean diet would possibly result in lower UPF consumption

Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Activity of a Selenium‐Containing Galectin‐3 and Galectin‐9N Inhibitor

Galectins are soluble β‐D‐galactoside‐binding proteins whose implication in cancer progression and disease outcome makes them prominent targets for therapeutic intervention. In this frame, the development of small inhibitors that block selectively the activity of galectins represents an important strategy for cancer therapy which is, however, still relatively underdeveloped. To this end, we designed here a rationally and efficiently novel diglycosylated compound, characterized by a selenoglycoside bond and the presence of a lipophilic benzyl group at both saccharide residues. The relatively high binding affinity of the new compound to the carbohydrate recognition domain of two galectins, galectin 3 and galectin 9, its good antiproliferative and anti‐migration activity towards melanoma cells, as well as its anti‐angiogenesis properties, pave the way for its further development as an anticancer agent