An Economic Analysis of Modern Rice Production Technology and its Adoption Behaviour in Tamil Nadu

Rice is the staple food in Tamil Nadu and is grown in an area of 2.6 Mha with a production of 8.19 Mt and productivity of 3.2 t/ha. In the context of high water demand by rice farmers, any strategy that would produce higher rice yield with less water is the need of the day. One such system is “System of Rice Intensification†(SRI), which was developed by Fr. Henri de Laulanie in Madagascar in 1980. The general objective of the study is to find the economics and the farmer’s adoption behaviour of the system of rice intensification. The study has revealed that the per hectare cost of cultivation is about 10 per cent lower in SRI than the conventional method. The logit framework has indicated that age, farm size, income of the farm, number of earners in the family and number of contacts with extension agencies are positive and highly influence the adoption behaviour of the farmers. Lack of skilled labour, awareness, training on new technology and experience have been opined as the main problems in adoption of this technology by the farmers. To sum-up, farmers have been vastly benefited by SRI technology and it has helped them in their socio-economic upliftment. The adoption of SRI technique has helped increase the rice production without increasing the area under its cultivation and has proved to serve as an alternative method for rice cultivation.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy is a common cause of mortality and morbidity among the women of reproductive age group. Tubal pregnancy is the commonest.  It can occur in cervix, ovaries, previous caesarean scar, interstitial portion of the tube and abdominal cavity. Here we report a case of caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy which was managed conservatively. 31 yrs old gravid 3 previous 1 LSCS and 1 tubal ectopic come for antenatal consultation at 35 days of gestation. UPT was Positive. USG showed no evidence of intra uterine sac. Repeat scan after 10 days showed a gestational sac at the lower uterine segment scar. Hence it was decided for conservative management, injection methotrexate 50 mgm X 2 doses given. This was followed by misoprost vaginal insertion. Since patient did not expel the sac, injection PG F2 alpha 125 mg x 2 doses were given. Patient expelled the products of conception partially. This was followed by hysteroscopic guided evacuation.Caesarean scar ectopic was reported in 1978. Early diagnosis is by TV USG / MRI. Early ectopic can be treated medically. In delayed diagnosis, laparoscopic excision of the scar has to be done. In rupture of the scar site ectopic pregnancy laparotomy is indicated. In the event of heavy bleeding, hysterectomy has to be done. After conservative management and excision of the scar, fertility is not altered. Caesarean section scar pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy which can lead to life threatening complications leading to mortality and morbidity. Treatment has to be individualized according to the gestational age, haemodynamic stability and desire for future fertility

Umbilical endometriosis along with peritoneal endometriosis: a case report

Incidence of endometriosis is around 10 to 15% in women of reproductive age group. Umbilical endometriosis is a very rare entity. Extra genital endometriosis accounts to 3% of endometriosis. Incidence of umbilical endometriosis is 0.5%-4% of extra genital endometriosis. 30 years old multi gravida was referred to our hospital with c/o periodic bleeding from the umbilicus for the past 3 months. She was also having dysmenorrhoea for about 3 months. On examination, patient had a small bluish nodule in the umbilicus around 1.5x1.2 cm in size. Clinically there was suspicion of pelvic endometriosis as the uterus was retroverted and fixed. CT abdomen showed a small hypo-echoeic area in the umbilicus and uterus was adenomyotic with normal ovaries. Patient was given the option of laparoscopy and excision of umbilicus, as there was suspicion of peritoneal endometriosis and the patient also insisted upon laparoscopic sterilization. Laparoscopy showed early peritoneal endometriosis with pelvic adhesions and the same adhesiolysis was done along with cauterization of endometriosis. Sterilization was also done as per the patient’s request. Umbilical excision and layer closure was done. Umbilical endometriosis is a rare entity. This patient had associated early pelvic endometriosis. Umbilical endometriosis could be secondary to the lympho vascular spread from the pelvic endometriosis or primary umbilical endometriosis. History, clinical and imaging were pointing towards umbilical endometriosis. Surgical excision of umbilical endometriosis and cauterisation of early pelvic endometriosis were done. Patient needs follow up. Umbilical endometriosis may be primary or secondary which needs total excision and follow up

Robert’s uterus: a rare mullerian anomaly mystery unfolded

Anomalies of female genital tract may not be detected until after menarche when they present a cyclical pain due to outlet obstruction. Mullerian anomalies represent a vast array of structural abnormalities resulting from improper development and fusion of embryological mullerian ducts. 19-year-old girl attained menarche at the age of 14, had progressive dysmenorrhoea and diagnosed as right haemotosalphinx and ovarian endometrioma which were removed in 2008. As pain progressed, she underwent laparoscopic adhesiolysis in 2013. Since, pain persisted, diagnosed as right haematometra, and drainage done by laparotomy. Left adnexa were normal. She was given depot provera till she completed schooling. She developed recurrent dysmenorrhoea after stopping depot provera. USG and MRI revealed recurrent haematometra on right side with normal left horn. The possibility of atypical septum was thought about and hystero laparoscopy was done. It showed right side haemetometra with absent right adnexa. Left adnexa normal. Hysteroscopy showed normal left horn with septum with a bulge towards the left side. Hence, proceeded with hysteroscopic septostomy and haemetometra was drained to the left horn. Later patient was free from dysmenorrhea and repeat hysteroscopy was found to be normal. This case highlighting mullerian anomalies have to be considered when young girls present with severe progressive dysmenorrhoea and diagnosis remains a challenge most of the clinicians. This rare entity has to be kept in mind while evaluating such patients. Prompt diagnosis and early surgical correction are essential to avoid future morbidity in the form of repeated unnecessary surgeries

Employment, Income and Labour Supply Decision of Rural Households : An Economic Analysis of MGNREGS in Tamil Nadu

In India, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGMGNREGS) is one of the major rural development programmes. It provides guaranteed employment to the rural households for 100 days in a year. This paper has attempted to find out the employment status, income and labour supply decision of the participants and non-participants of MGNREGS in Tamil Nadu. It has also studied the household nutritional security of these households. The study has revealed that the number of migrants in the family, number of livestock units owned, and number of person-days employed in agriculture, nonagriculture and MGNREGS are significantly influenced by the household income of the participants and non-participants of MGNREGS. The analysis of household food-security has shown that the expenditure for all commodities, viz. leisure, cereals, pulses, oils, fruits & vegetables, milk, chicken and fish are positive and significant in the case of MGNREGS participants, whereas the expenditure variable is significant only for two commodities, viz. cereals and oils in case of MGNREGS non-participants. It shows that the MGNREGS participants consume more high-value commodities like milk, chicken and fish, as compared to MGNREGS non-participants. The labour supply decision of sample respondents has shown that the elasticity of labour supply with respect to wage rate is more than one in both participants and non-participants of MGNREGS, indicating that an one per cent increase in wage rate increases labour supply by 1.92 per cent and 2.36 per cent, respectively. In addition, as the number of dependents increases, the household increases labour supply to derive additional income to meet the increased household expenditures. An interesting and encouraging observation is that the scheme has reduced the migration of people from rural to urban areas.MGNREGS, employment, income, labour supply, Agricultural and Food Policy, J21, J22, H23, I31,

E-Learning Tools and Technologies for Rural Development Community with special reference to training: Experiences of National Institute of Rural Development

The paper introduces various vital aspects of DLE, highlighting e-learning philosophy, tools and selection criteria for e-learning solutions. It presents a brief account of National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) initiatives that have been taken using ICT tools by for the training of personnel involved in rural development programmes of central and state governments

Proverbs of Arittapatti and its Reflection on the Society

Oral traditions are the historical and geographical shadow of a country. They are the messages that are transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages may be passed down through speech, song, folktales, mythological stories and narrations, proverbs and sayings. They are the gems of the ancient wisdom and knowledge of a society. They provide information about the daily life of the people of the region. Especially, proverbs help to understand the customs and traditions, religious practices and the heritage of the society. They play the pivotal role in the anthropological, historical and cultural study. India is the land of villages is famous for its diverse culture embedded with oral tradiitons. Especially, Tamil Nadu is the treasure house of oral traditions. Though there are reports describing the significance of the oral traditions focusing Tamil Nadu, this study aims to highight the association of proverbs in the day to day life of the village community, Arittaptti, even today

The Five Types of Lands and Moral Principles shown in the Sangam Literature

It can be said that people adjust their lives according to the environment of the land in which they live. Thus, it is a natural phenomenon that has been going on since ancient times to the present day. Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai are the five kinds of land life that can be found in Sangam literature. This is a classic example of how people developed their professions according to their land type. In this way, the Kurinji land people depended on hunting, honey picking, millet sowing, preserving them, etc., in the hilly areas, the Mullai land shepherds were grazing goats and cattle, selling milk, curd, butter, etc., and the Marutham land peasants were also engaged in the cultivation of agriculture, the people of the land were engaged in fishing, selling them, drying and selling fish, producing salt, selling them, selling them, producing salt, and selling them according to the land. In this way, occupations form the basis of land-based life. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the ethical principles of the land-based life of the people

Novel methods in diagnosis of endometriosis in future

Endometriosis causes severe pain and infertility affecting quality of life. According to ASRM it is a chronic inflammatory disease that requires life-long management plan and surgery has to be restricted only once in the life time of the patient. Earlier, the diagnosis of endometriosis was confirmed by surgical method and histo-pathological examination. There is often a diagnostic delay up to 7 years or even beyond, which will affect the patients getting earlier treatment. Recently, lot of non-invasive techniques for diagnosis of endometriosis have come into vogue so that, treatment can be planned without surgical diagnosis. Apart from imaging through USG, CT or MRI, earlier lesions can be picked up by biomarkers like IL-6, IL-8, CA 125, HE4, neutrophil-lymphocytic ratio, Hs-CRP, Tumour necrosis alpha and mi RNA, neural elements in endometrium, glyco-proteins like CA-125, CA-19.9, CA-15.3, CA-73, AFP and CEA. Urocortin, activin and follistatin are growth factors and VEGF, TNF-alpha, NK cells, i-SCAM-I, MCP-1 are immunologic markers for diagnosis of endometriosis. Circulating endometrial cells are also present in the peripheral blood of patients. miRNA in endometriosis is found to be a potential biomarker in the recent years and also associated with altered vaginal microbiome. There has been up-regulation and down-regulation of certain miRNAs in endometriosis patients. In patients with symptoms of endometriosis, miRNA study in peripheral blood can be used as a biomarker for confirmation of diagnosis. There is a strong association between mitochondrial DNA variation and endometriosis which is found to be rational biomarkers