13 research outputs found

    Avant-propos

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    Depuis une dizaine d’annĂ©e les publications se multiplient sur la thĂ©matique de l’esclavage. RestĂ©e longtemps taboue, cette histoire gĂȘnait la mauvaise conscience des hĂ©ritiers de ceux qui en avaient Ă©tĂ© les acteurs aussi bien que de ceux qui en avaient Ă©tĂ© les victimes. Les manuels scolaires et universitaires n’y faisaient que de discrĂštes allusions, sans laisser supposer que cette tragĂ©die avait terni l’histoire de l’humanitĂ© sous toutes les latitudes et Ă  toutes les Ă©poques. Quant Ă  affir..

    Esclaves noirs en Méditerranée

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    Dans le cadre d’une rencontre consacrĂ©e Ă  l’étude de l’esclavage en MĂ©diterranĂ©e, il Ă©tait difficile de laisser sous silence une des pages les plus mĂ©connues, mais peut aussi l’une des plus importantes qui a affectĂ© les relations entre les rives de cette mer et l’Afrique sahĂ©lienne. On reste sur les retranchements d’un tabou pour une histoire qui dĂ©bute avec la conquĂȘte arabe et ne s’achĂšve officiellement que dans un tardif XIXe siĂšcle. Il n’est pas question dans ce bref article d’innover su..

    Traite, esclavage et fortifications dans l’Ouest africain

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    La premiĂšre colonisation d’Afrique occidentale a Ă©tĂ© circonscrite aux littoraux et Ă  cause de la rĂ©sistance des pouvoirs locaux, elle n’a pas pu s’étendre Ă  l’intĂ©rieur des terres. Les europĂ©ens (Portugais, Hollandais, Français, Anglais, Danois) qui Ă  partir du XVe siĂšcle se disputaient la terre africaine ont connu les mĂȘmes barrages, diplomatiques ou constituĂ©s par la force. Ils ne purent installer que des bastions sur les cĂŽtes avec l’autorisation des souverains africains Ă  qui ils donnaient une contrepartie sous forme de cadeaux et de redevances. Ainsi, avec la bĂ©nĂ©diction des pouvoirs africains en place, les europĂ©ens ont pu commencer la traite des esclaves pour effectuer le travail agricole organisĂ© par les colons aux AmĂ©riques. A partir de l’exemple de l’histoire du Ghana dĂ©frichĂ© rĂ©cemment par les chercheurs et celui de la SĂ©nĂ©gambie en cours d’étude, on s’aperçoit des nouvelles perspectives de dĂ©cryptage de l’histoire du continent africain qui vont Ă  l’encontre des idĂ©es reçues de l’idĂ©ologie de fatalitĂ© et de victimologie des africains.The first colonization of Western Africa was circumscribed with the littorals and because of the resistance of the local authorities, it could not extend inside the grounds. The Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, French, English, Danish) which starting from XVe century disputed the African land knew the same stoppings, diplomatic or constituted by the force. They could install only bastions on the coasts with the authorization of the African sovereigns to whom they gave a counterpart in the form of gifts and of royalties. Thus, with the blessing of the African powers in place, Europeans could begin the draft of the slaves to carry out the agricultural work organized by the colonists in Americas. From the example of the history of Ghana cleared recently by the researchers and that of Senegambia under study, one realizes new prospects for decoding of the history of the African continent which go against the generally accepted ideas of the ideology of fate and victimology of the Africans

    Avant-propos

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    Depuis une dizaine d’annĂ©e les publications se multiplient sur la thĂ©matique de l’esclavage. RestĂ©e longtemps taboue, cette histoire gĂȘnait la mauvaise conscience des hĂ©ritiers de ceux qui en avaient Ă©tĂ© les acteurs aussi bien que de ceux qui en avaient Ă©tĂ© les victimes. Les manuels scolaires et universitaires n’y faisaient que de discrĂštes allusions, sans laisser supposer que cette tragĂ©die avait terni l’histoire de l’humanitĂ© sous toutes les latitudes et Ă  toutes les Ă©poques. Quant Ă  affir..

    Recent HIV-1 Infection Contributes to the Viral Diffusion over the French Territory with a Recent Increasing Frequency

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    To analyse the contribution of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (PHI) to the French viral epidemic. sequences included 987 PHI from the French ANRS PRIMO cohort between 1999 and 2010 and were analysed using a population-based phylogenetic approach. Clinical features, risk factors, sexual behaviour and drug resistance for clustered and nonclustered transmission events were ascertained.Viruses from 125 (12.7%) of PHI cosegregated into 56 transmission chains, with increasing frequency during the last years (10.2% before 2006 versus 15.2% of clusters in 2006–2010, p = 0.02). The mean number of patients per cluster was 2.44. Compared to unique PHI, clusters involved more often men, infected through homosexual intercourse, of young age, with a high number of casual sexual partnerships and frequent previous HIV serological tests. Resistant strains were found in 16.0% and 11.1% of clusters and unique PHI, respectively (p = 0.11). Overall, 34% (n = 19) clusters included patients followed in French regions far apart, involving 13 clusters with at least one Parisian patient.PHIs are a significant source of onward transmission, especially in the MSM population. Recently infected people contribute to the spread of the viral epidemic throughout the French territory. Survey of transmitted drug resistance and behavioural characteristics of patients involved into clustered PHI may help to guide prevention and treatment interventions

    A primeira partilha da África: decadĂȘncia e ressurgĂȘncia do comĂ©rcio portuguĂȘs na Costa do Ouro (ca. 1637-ca. 1700)

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    Implementing a web-based introductory bioinformatics course for non-bioinformaticians that incorporates practical exercises

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    A recent scientific discipline, bioinformatics, defined as using informatics for the study of biological problems, is now a requirement for the study of biological sciences. Bioinformatics has become such a powerful and popular discipline that several academic institutions have created programs in this field, allowing students to become specialized. However, biology students who are not involved in a bioinformatics program also need a solid toolbox of bioinformatics software and skills. Therefore, we have developed a completely online bioinformatics course for non-bioinformaticians, entitled “BIF-1901 Introduction Ă  la bio-informatique et Ă  ses outils (Introduction to bioinformatics and bioinformatics tools),” given by the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics of UniversitĂ© Laval (Quebec City, Canada). This course requires neither a bioinformatics background nor specific skills in informatics. The underlying main goal was to produce a completely online up-to-date bioinformatics course, including practical exercises, with an intuitive pedagogical framework. The course, BIF-1901, was conceived to cover the three fundamental aspects of bioinformatics: (1) informatics, (2) biological sequence analysis, and (3) structural bioinformatics. This article discusses the content of the modules, the evaluations, the pedagogical framework, and the challenges inherent to a multidisciplinary, fully online course. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2017
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