Investigation Of Foam Stability On Injection Rate

The project is basically about simulation study to identify the effect of injection rate on the foam stability based on a foam model. Gas has properties of higher mobility ratio and very low density. Due to this properties, the gas tends moves upwards and override the oil zones causing less oil production. Foam flooding was introduced to avoid this gas overriding problem. The foam model was built based on reservoir rock properties and foam half-life parameter. The analysis were done focusing on injection rate, bottom-hole pressure and decaying rate of the foam over injection time. The model was run for 19 years with injector and producer wel

Effect of stripe rust on the yield response of wheat to nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) is the most important fertiliser element determining the productivity of wheat. N nutrition is known to affect the level of stripe rust infection, with higher N associated with increased disease severity. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a major yield-limiting disease of wheat in Australia. This paper describes experiments designed to investigate the agronomic response to the interaction of various levels of N application and stripe rust severity in wheat varieties differing in response. Experimental plots were established in crop seasons 2006 and 2007 on the Liverpool Plains of northern NSW, Australia. Yield, biomass, grain protein content (GPC) and harvest index (HI) data were recorded. Increased rates of N increased the severity of stripe rust during grain filling. N application also increased yield and GPC in all varieties in both years. Stripe rust reduced the yield of the rust-susceptible wheat varieties, and GPC and proportion of added N recovered in the grain were also reduced in one year but not the other. It was evident from our experiment that stripe rust caused yield loss accompanied by either no change or reduction in GPC, indicating that the total amount of N entering the grain was reduced by stripe rust. The effects of stripe rust on N yield are most likely associated with reduced uptake of N during grain filling

Interspecific Hybrid Developed in Epidendrum Orchid from the Cross E. radicans Pav. Ex. Lindl. X E. xanthinum Lindl.

An interspecific Epidendrum hybrid was developed using E. radicans (known as 'fire star orchid', 'ground-rooted orchid') as female parent and E. xanthinum known as 'yellow orchid' as male parent. The selected line (NRCO Epidendrum cross/2005-01) was characterized for morphological and floral traits. Flower size (3.5 cm x 3.4 cm) of selected line was bigger than both parents, with bright saffron-orange colour (RHS 44A). Dorsal sepal size (1.8 cm x 0.6 cm), lateral sepal size (1.9 cm x 0.7 cm), petal size (1.8 cm x 0.6 cm), lip size (2.3 cm x 2 cm) and column size (1.1 cm x 0.2 cm) were bigger than in parents. Shape and fimbriated side lobes of lip with deep cleft of anterior margins was similar to the male parent (E. xanthinum), except colour. The F1progeny of 'NRCO-Epidendrum cross/2005-01' flowered with different red-orange to yellow shades is categorized broadly into three types: Red-orange, Orangeyellow and Yellow. Epidendrums are popularly known as 'Crucifix orchid' and 'Poor man's orchid', have a long flowering period with 2-3 flowerings in a year, and are easy to multiply. These attributes are ideal for popularizing this plant in India as a potted plant as well garden plant

Growth of bush pepper (Piper nigrum L.) plants as influenced by light and nutrients

Experiments conducted at Sadanandapuram (Kerala, India) to study the influence of nutrients under different light intensities on growth of bush pepper (Piper nigrum) plants indicated that better expression of growth characters was observed at 50% light intensity in plants given 37.5 g each of nitrogen and phosphorus and 50.0 g of potassium per year. &nbsp

Growth of bush pepper (Piper nigrum L.) plants as influenced by light and nutrients

Experiments conducted at Sadanandapuram (Kerala, India) to study the influence of nutrients under different light intensities on growth of bush pepper (Piper nigrum) plants indicated that better expression of growth characters was observed at 50% light intensity in plants given 37.5 g each of nitrogen and phosphorus and 50.0 g of potassium per year. &nbsp

Slender PUF Protocol: A lightweight, robust, and secure authentication by substring matching

We introduce Slender PUF protocol, an efficient and secure method to authenticate the responses generated from a Strong Physical Unclonable Function (PUF). The new method is lightweight, and suitable for energy constrained platforms such as ultra-low power embedded systems for use in identification and authentication applications. The proposed protocol does not follow the classic paradigm of exposing the full PUF responses (or a transformation of the full string of responses) on the communication channel. Instead, random subsets of the responses are revealed and sent for authentication. The response patterns are used for authenticating the prover device with a very high probability.We perform a thorough analysis of the method’s resiliency to various attacks which guides adjustment of our protocol parameters for an efficient and secure implementation. We demonstrate that Slender PUF protocol, if carefully designed, will be resilient against all known machine learning attacks. In addition, it has the great advantage of an inbuilt PUF error tolerance. Thus, Slender PUF protocol is lightweight and does not require costly additional error correction, fuzzy extractors, and hash modules suggested in most previously known PUF-based robust authentication techniques. The low overhead and practicality of the protocol are confirmed by a set of hardware implementation and evaluations

Remote Global Alignment Error for Cycle Time Improvement of Pad Inductor Layer

Lithography is the key process which transfers the pattern from mask to wafer and pad inductor layer is the last layer in photo masking. The cycle time for pad inductor layer increase in Silterra Malaysia by 32% of Global Alignment error per month. This induce success rate goes down as low as 50% for pad inductor layer. Long engineering time is taken during troubleshooting of the lot for expose and developing step by manually due to tool time constrain. Most of the lots undergo rework processes which results the cost per wafer to increase. The aim of this research is to reduce the cycle time for pad inductor layers by introducing the “Remote Global Alignment Error” (RGAE) method with alternative flow. This would avoid the pad inductor layers to be sent for rework if it encountered any global alignment error. The experimental result shows RGAE method able to reduce cycle time for pad inductor layer by 97%. This is due to when global alignment error occurs the lot will automatically track in RGAE method by selecting the rejected wafers for expose and developing process. This has eventually saved more time for split wafers which usually send for rework

Discrete Generation of Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide by T Cell Receptor Stimulation: Selective Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and Fas Ligand Expression

Receptor-stimulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been shown to regulate signal transduction, and previous studies have suggested that T cell receptor (TCR) signals may involve or be sensitive to ROS. In this study, we have shown for the first time that TCR cross-linking induced rapid (within 15 min) generation of both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, as defined with oxidation-sensitive dyes, selective pharmacologic antioxidants, and overexpression of specific antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the data suggest the novel observation that superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are produced separately by distinct TCR-stimulated pathways. Unexpectedly, TCR-stimulated activation of the Fas ligand (FasL) promoter and subsequent cell death was dependent upon superoxide anion, but independent of hydrogen peroxide, while nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation or interleukin 2 transcription was independent of all ROS. Anti-CD3 induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 required hydrogen peroxide generation but was unaffected by superoxide anion. Thus, antigen receptor signaling induces generation of discrete species of oxidants that selectively regulate two distinct redox sensitive pathways, a proapoptotic (FasL) and a proliferative pathway (ERK)

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-Methyl Acrylate)/Lignin Nanofibers: Effects of Lignin Type and Total Polymer Concentration

Lignin macromolecules are potential precursor materials for producing electrospun nanofibers for composite applications. However, little is known about the effect of lignin type and blend ratios with synthetic polymers. This study analyzed blends of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-MA) with two types of commercially available lignin, low sulfonate (LSL) and alkali, kraft lignin (AL), in DMF solvent. The electrospinning and polymer blend solution conditions were optimized to produce thermally stable, smooth lignin-based nanofibers with total polymer content of up to 20 wt % in solution and a 50/50 blend weight ratio. Microscopy studies revealed that AL blends possess good solubility, miscibility, and dispersibility compared to LSL blends. Despite the lignin content or type, rheological studies demonstrated that PAN-MA concentration in solution dictated the blend’s viscosity. Smooth electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using AL depending upon the total polymer content and blend ratio. AL’s addition to PAN-MA did not affect the glass transition or degradation temperatures of the nanofibers compared to neat PAN-MA. We confirmed the presence of each lignin type within PAN-MA nanofibers through infrared spectroscopy. PAN-MA/AL nanofibers possessed similar morphological and thermal properties as PAN-MA; thus, these lignin-based nanofibers can replace PAN in future applications, including production of carbon fibers and supercapacitors