Process based model sheds light on climate sensitivity of Mediterranean tree-ring width

We use the process-based VS (Vaganov-Shashkin) model to investigate whether a regional <i>Pinus halepensis</i> tree-ring chronology from Tunisia can be simulated as a function of climate alone by employing a biological model linking day length and daily temperature and precipitation (AD 1959–2004) from a climate station to ring-width variations. We check performance of the model on independent data by a validation exercise in which the model's parameters are tuned using data for 1982–2004 and the model is applied to generate tree-ring indices for 1959–1981. The validation exercise yields a highly significant positive correlation between the residual chronology and estimated growth curve (<i>r</i>=0.76 <i>p</i><0.0001, <i>n</i>=23). The model shows that the average duration of the growing season is 191 days, with considerable variation from year to year. On average, soil moisture limits tree-ring growth for 128 days and temperature for 63 days. Model results depend on chosen values of parameters, in particular a parameter specifying a balance ratio between soil moisture and precipitation. Future work in the Mediterranean region should include multi-year natural experiments to verify patterns of cambial-growth variation suggested by the VS model

Swimming performance in juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum): the influence of time interval and velocity increments on critical swimming tests

The most utilized method to measure swimming performance of fishes has been the critical swimming speed (UCrit) test. In this test, the fish is forced to swim against an incrementally increasing flow of water until fatigue. Before the water velocity is increased, the fish swims at the water velocity for a specific, pre-arranged time interval. The magnitude of the velocity increments and the time interval for each swimming period can vary across studies making the comparison between and within species difficult. This issue has been acknowledged in the literature, however, little empirical evidence exists that tests the importance of velocity and time increments on swimming performance in fish. A practical application for fish performance is through the design of fishways that enable fish to bypass anthropogenic structures (e. g. dams) that block migration routes, which is one of the causes of world-wide decline in sturgeon populations. While fishways will improve sturgeon conservation, they need to be specifically designed to accommodate the swimming capabilities specific for sturgeons, and it is possible that current swimming methodologies have under-estimated the swimming performance of sturgeons. The present study assessed the UCrit of shortnose sturgeon using modified UCrit to determine the importance of velocity increment (5 and 10 cm s(-1)) and time (5, 15 and 30 min) intervals on swimming performance. UCrit was found to be influenced by both time interval and water velocity. UCrit was generally lower in sturgeon when they were swum using 5cm s(-1) compared with 10 cm s(-1) increments. Velocity increment influences the UCrit more than time interval. Overall, researchers must consider the impacts of using particular swimming criteria when designing their experiments

Particle-Particle, Particle-Scaling function (P3S) algorithm for electrostatic problems in free boundary conditions

An algorithm for fast calculation of the Coulombic forces and energies of point particles with free boundary conditions is proposed. Its calculation time scales as N log N for N particles. This novel method has lower crossover point with the full O(N^2) direct summation than the Fast Multipole Method. The forces obtained by our algorithm are analytical derivatives of the energy which guarantees energy conservation during a molecular dynamics simulation. Our algorithm is very simple. An MPI parallelised version of the code can be downloaded under the GNU General Public License from the website of our group.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, submitted to: Journal of Chemical Physic

Potential contributions of noncontact atomic force microscopy for the future Casimir force measurements

Surface electric noise, i.e., the non-uniform distribution of charges and potentials on a surface, poses a great experimental challenge in modern precision force measurements. Such a challenge is encountered in a number of different experimental circumstances. The scientists employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) have long focused their efforts to understand the surface-related noise issues via variants of AFM techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy or electric force microscopy. Recently, the physicists investigating quantum vacuum fluctuation phenomena between two closely-spaced objects have also begun to collect experimental evidence indicating a presence of surface effects neglected in their previous analyses. It now appears that the two seemingly disparate science communities are encountering effects rooted in the same surface phenomena. In this report, we suggest specific experimental tasks to be performed in the near future that are crucial not only for fostering needed collaborations between the two communities, but also for providing valuable data on the surface effects in order to draw the most realistic conclusion about the actual contribution of the Casimir force (or van der Waals force) between a pair of real materials.Comment: The paper appeared in the Proceedings to the 12th International Conference on Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC-AFM 2009) and Casimir 2009 Satellite Worksho

Larval green and white sturgeon swimming performance in relation to water-diversion flows

Little is known of the swimming capacities of larval sturgeons, despite global population declines in many species due in part to fragmentation of their spawning and rearing habitats by man-made water-diversion structures. Larval green (Acipenser medirostris) and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) inhabit the highly altered Sacramento–San Joaquin watershed, making them logical species to examine vulnerability to entrainment by altered water flows. The risk of larval sturgeon entrainment is influenced by the ontogeny of swimming capacity and dispersal timing and their interactions with water-diversion structure operations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe and compare the ontogeny and allometry of larval green and white sturgeon swimming capacities until completion of metamorphosis into juveniles. Despite the faster growth rates and eventual larger size of larval white sturgeon, green sturgeon critical swimming velocities remained consistently, though modestly, greater than those of white sturgeon throughout the larval life stage. Although behavioural interactions with water-diversion structures are also important considerations, regarding swimming capacity, Sacramento–San Joaquin sturgeons are most vulnerable to entrainment in February–May, when white sturgeon early larvae are in the middle Sacramento River, and April–May, when green sturgeon early larvae are in the upper river. Green sturgeon migrating downstream to the estuary and bays in October–November are also susceptible to entrainment due to their movements combined with seasonal declines in their swimming capacity. An additional inter-species comparison of the allometric relationship between critical swimming velocities and total length with several sturgeon species found throughout the world suggests a similar ontogeny of swimming capacity with growth. Therefore, although dispersal and behaviour differ among river systems and sturgeon species, similar recommendations are applicable for managers seeking to balance water demands with restoration and conservation of sturgeons worldwide

Undergraduate Commencement Exercises Program, May 17, 2003

Bryant University Undergraduate Commencement Exercises Program, May 17,2003

L\u27Éducation sentimentaleにおける女性像の意味作用

前原昌仁教授退職記念

Bimodal and unimodal radial growth of Mediterranean oaks along a coast-inland gradient

Wood formation during the growing season is shaped by the intra-annual variability of climatic conditions. In the Mediterranean, the cambial activity is seasonally constrained by winter low temperature and summer drought, resulting in bimodal growth patterns. Although bimodal growth is an ecologically important adaptation of woody species to seasonally dry environments, its variability across space and among species remains unclear. We combined direct monitoring of intra-annual radial growth using dendrometers and xylogenesis micro-sampling with indirect wood formation modeling to assess growth bimodality for two coexisting oak species across six sites in North-Eastern Spain. We focused on species with two contrasting life strategies, evergreen with diffuse-porous wood (Quercus ilex) and winter deciduous with ring-porous wood (Q. faginea/Q. pubescens). Study sites spanned from oceanic areas with high autumn precipitation to dry continental inland regions. We hypothesized that growth bimodality reflects the interaction between local precipitation patterns and species-specific traits. Our results revealed cambial activity in autumn after summer quiescence across the entire region and for both oak species. However, growth bimodality and the relative contribution of the autumn growth peak to the total annual growth was geographically structured and species-specific. Growth was unimodal under continental and Atlantic conditions. By contrast, growth bimodality was significant along the Mediterranean coast, where precipitation showed a bimodal pattern. Moreover, evergreen Q. ilex showed more growth bimodality compared with deciduous Q. faginea/Q. pubescens at Mediterranean sites. Different intra-annual distribution of radial growth could facilitate coexistence of both oak species through temporal niche partitioning. The growth bimodality helps to compensate for reduced growth in summer by autumn cambial resumption and, therefore, the differences in its intensity between sites and species may determine divergent responses of forest ecosystems to ongoing climate change

Évaluation du succès de reproduction chez le goéland à bec cerclé de la colonie de l'île Deslauriers

La problématique des espèces du genre Larus en milieu urbain et périurbain est un fait d'actualité présent autant sur le continent américain qu'européen. Le Goéland à bec cerclé (Larus delawarensis) a connu une explosion démographique dans les années 80 qui le classe comme l'espèce de laridés la plus abondante en Amérique du nord. Le manque d'information sur sa dynamique de population dans le sud du Québec rend impossible la modélisation de la population ce qui nuit à la prise de décisions de la part des gestionnaires. Une étude de la reproduction de l'espèce sur la colonie de l'île Deslauriers, la plus grosse au Québec, a permis de combler une partie du manque d'informations. Notre premier objectif était de déterminer la chronologie de nidification, le succès de reproduction ainsi que la croissance des juvéniles avant leur envol à l'aide de la méthode des visites multiples à l'intérieur de 6 enclos déployés sur la colonie. Nous avons comparé nos résultats de manière à évaluer les différences interannuelles, les différences entre les sections de l'île ou selon le type de couvert de végétation. Notre deuxième objectif visait à comparer certains de nos résultats avec ceux trouvés au début des années 1980 sur la même colonie afin de regarder s'il existait des différences en fonction de l'évolution de la taille de la population dans le sud du Québec. La chronologie de reproduction diffère entre les années et est expliquée par les aléas du climat ainsi qu'à la disponibilité de la nourriture. La différence que nous avons observée entre les sections est simplement due au fait que les jeunes oiseaux s'installent généralement à la périphérie de la colonie et sont prêts plus tard à la reproduction. Nos résultats de succès de reproduction montrent que la production de jeunes (1,3 et 0,9 jeunes par couple pour 2010 et 2011 respectivement) est plus faible que dans les années 1980 (1,7 jeunes par couple). Cela est probablement dû à la disponibilité de nourriture qui a diminué durant l'élevage des jeunes en raison des nombreuses mesures d'effarouchement et de limitation d'accès à la nourriture dans les lieux d'enfouissement techniques (LET). Nos résultats permettent de combler le manque d'information sur la reproduction de cette espèce dans le sud du Québec et pourront être utilisés à des fins de modélisation de la population lorsque les paramètres de survie, d'émigration et d'immigration auront été déterminés. Enfin, même si la légère baisse des effectifs peut paraître alarmante, il est fort probable que la population s'ajustera à la capacité de support du milieu naturel et des milieux agricoles.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Modélisation de population, Goélands à bec cerclé, succès reproducteur