Identification and characterization of irregular consumptions of load data

The historical information of loadings on substation helps in evaluation of size of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storages for peak shaving and distribution system upgrade deferral. A method, based on consumption data, is proposed to separate the unusual consumption and to form the clusters of similar regular consumption. The method does optimal partition of the load pattern data into core points and border points, high and less dense regions, respectively. The local outlier factor, which does not require fixed probability distribution of data and statistical measures, ranks the unusual consumptions on only the border points, which are a few percent of the complete data. The suggested method finds the optimal or close to optimal number of clusters of similar shape of load patterns to detect regular peak and valley load demands on different days. Furthermore, identification and characterization of features pertaining to unusual consumptions in load pattern data have been done on border points only. The effectiveness of the proposed method and characterization is tested on two practical distribution systems

Comparative study on various dielectric barriers and their effect on breakdown voltage

Non-pressurised air is extensively used as basic insulation medium in high-voltage equipment. Unfortunately, an inherent property of air-insulated design is that the system tends to become physically large. On the other hand, the application of dielectric barriers can increase the breakdown voltage and therefore decrease the size of the equipment. In this study, the impact of dielectric barriers on breakdown voltage enhancement is investigated under both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) applied voltages. For this purpose, three kinds of dielectric barriers in two different high-voltage electrode structures are investigated. In the first structure, several experiments are carried out with four different electrode arrangements, keeping the inter-electrode gap constant while varying the position of the dielectric barrier between the electrodes. In the second structure, the inter-electrode gap is varied while the high-voltage electrode is covered with dielectric materials. The influences of different parameters such as inter-electrode spacing, electric field non-uniformity factor, and dielectric materials on the breakdown voltage are investigated for applied 50 Hz ac and dc voltages. In addition, a simulation model to approximately calculate the breakdown voltage is proposed and validated with the experimental results

Comparative study on various dielectric barriers and their effect on breakdown voltage

Non-pressurised air is extensively used as basic insulation medium in high-voltage equipment. Unfortunately, an inherent property of air-insulated design is that the system tends to become physically large. On the other hand, the application of dielectric barriers can increase the breakdown voltage and therefore decrease the size of the equipment. In this study, the impact of dielectric barriers on breakdown voltage enhancement is investigated under both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) applied voltages. For this purpose, three kinds of dielectric barriers in two different high-voltage electrode structures are investigated. In the first structure, several experiments are carried out with four different electrode arrangements, keeping the inter-electrode gap constant while varying the position of the dielectric barrier between the electrodes. In the second structure, the inter-electrode gap is varied while the high-voltage electrode is covered with dielectric materials. The influences of different parameters such as inter-electrode spacing, electric field non-uniformity factor, and dielectric materials on the breakdown voltage are investigated for applied 50 Hz ac and dc voltages. In addition, a simulation model to approximately calculate the breakdown voltage is proposed and validated with the experimental results

Secure learning-based coordinated UAV–UGV framework design for medical waste transportation

A cost-effective solution with less human involvement must be developed for medical waste (MW) transportation. A learning-based coordinated unmanned aerial vehicle–unmanned ground vehicle (UAV–UGV) (CUU) framework, currently unavoidable use, with a transfer learning algorithm is suggested. A transfer learning algorithm is implemented for collision-free optimal path planning. In the framework, mobile ground robots collect medical waste from waste disposal centers through the pick-and-place technique. Then, networked drones lift the collected medical waste and fly through a predefined optimal trajectory. The framework considers the dynamic behavior of the environment and explores the actions for picking, placing, and dropping medical waste. A deep reinforcement learning mechanism has been incorporated for each successful or unsuccessful action by the framework to provide the rewards. With optimal policies, the coordinated UAV and UGV change their actions in dynamic conditions. An optimal cost of transportation of medical waste by the proposed framework is created by considering the weight of MW packets as the payload capacity of a CUU framework, the cost of steering the UAV and UGV, and the time required to transport the MW. The effectiveness of the CUU framework for MW transportation has been tested using MATLAB. The MW transportation data have been encrypted using an encryption key for security and authenticity

Identification and characterization of irregular consumptions of load data

The historical information of loadings on substation helps in evaluation of size of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storages for peak shaving and distribution system upgrade deferral. A method, based on consumption data, is proposed to separate the unusual consumption and to form the clusters of similar regular consumption. The method does optimal partition of the load pattern data into core points and border points, high and less dense regions, respectively. The local outlier factor, which does not require fixed probability distribution of data and statistical measures, ranks the unusual consumptions on only the border points, which are a few percent of the complete data. The suggested method finds the optimal or close to optimal number of clusters of similar shape of load patterns to detect regular peak and valley load demands on different days. Furthermore, identification and characterization of features pertaining to unusual consumptions in load pattern data have been done on border points only. The effectiveness of the proposed method and characterization is tested on two practical distribution systems

Comparative study on various dielectric barriers and their effect on breakdown voltage

Non-pressurised air is extensively used as basic insulation medium in high-voltage equipment. Unfortunately, an inherent property of air-insulated design is that the system tends to become physically large. On the other hand, the application of dielectric barriers can increase the breakdown voltage and therefore decrease the size of the equipment. In this study, the impact of dielectric barriers on breakdown voltage enhancement is investigated under both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) applied voltages. For this purpose, three kinds of dielectric barriers in two different high-voltage electrode structures are investigated. In the first structure, several experiments are carried out with four different electrode arrangements, keeping the inter-electrode gap constant while varying the position of the dielectric barrier between the electrodes. In the second structure, the inter-electrode gap is varied while the high-voltage electrode is covered with dielectric materials. The influences of different parameters such as inter-electrode spacing, electric field non-uniformity factor, and dielectric materials on the breakdown voltage are investigated for applied 50 Hz ac and dc voltages. In addition, a simulation model to approximately calculate the breakdown voltage is proposed and validated with the experimental results

Comparative study on various dielectric barriers and their effect on breakdown voltage

Non-pressurised air is extensively used as basic insulation medium in high-voltage equipment. Unfortunately, an inherent property of air-insulated design is that the system tends to become physically large. On the other hand, the application of dielectric barriers can increase the breakdown voltage and therefore decrease the size of the equipment. In this study, the impact of dielectric barriers on breakdown voltage enhancement is investigated under both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) applied voltages. For this purpose, three kinds of dielectric barriers in two different high-voltage electrode structures are investigated. In the first structure, several experiments are carried out with four different electrode arrangements, keeping the inter-electrode gap constant while varying the position of the dielectric barrier between the electrodes. In the second structure, the inter-electrode gap is varied while the high-voltage electrode is covered with dielectric materials. The influences of different parameters such as inter-electrode spacing, electric field non-uniformity factor, and dielectric materials on the breakdown voltage are investigated for applied 50 Hz ac and dc voltages. In addition, a simulation model to approximately calculate the breakdown voltage is proposed and validated with the experimental results

Planning and operation of EV charging stations by chicken swarm optimization driven heuristics

Abstract Successful deployment of electric vehicles demands for establishment of simple reachable charging stations (CSs). Scheduling and action of CSs is a composite problem and that should not affect the smooth operation of the power grid. The present paper attempts to solve the planning and operation of CSs by a novel chicken swarm optimization‐based heuristics. The placement of CS is modelled in a multi‐objective framework as cost‐effective parameters secures the operation of the power grid. Further, the operation of CSs is examined for three scenarios such as uncoordinated charging, coordinated charging, as well as bidirectional vehicle to grid. The proposed approach is tested on IEEE 33‐bus, and on a distribution network of Guwahati, India