METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING QUALITY REFERENCE VALUES AND SURFACE WATER USE CLASSES IN WATERSHEDS IN THE STATE OF SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

O conhecimento sobre a qualidade da água por meio da determinaçãode seus descritores é fundamental para o estabelecimento de políticas degestão dos recursos hídricos. Neste trabalho, sugere-se um método simplese prático para determinar valores associados aos descritores de qualidadeda água. Foram utilizados resultados acumulados ao longo de dez anos demonitoramento da qualidade da água superficial em microbacias do estadode Santa Catarina. Considerando as cinco classes de uso já estabelecidas nalegislação federal (Resolução do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente –CONAMA nº 357/2005), foram determinados os limites para cada classetendo por base a distribuição dos valores dos parâmetros em estudo.A mediana foi utilizada para estabelecer os valores de referência de qualidadee o percentil 60 como limite máximo para considerar o valor do descritorcomo aceitável. O método apresentado é de fácil aplicação e os valorescalculados, comparados à legislação vigente, são mais restritivos, sugerindoboa qualidade da água.The knowledge about water quality through the determination of its descriptors is fundamental to establish water resource management policies. This work suggests a simple and practical method to determine values associated with water quality descriptors. For this purpose, it was necessary to use the results accumulated over 10 years of surface water quality monitoring from watersheds in Santa Catarina State. Taking into account the five classes of use already established in federal legislation (CONAMA Resolution nº 357/2005), the limits for each class were determined based on the distribution of the values of the parameters under study. The median was used to establish the quality reference values and the 60 th percentile as the upper limit to consider the descriptor value as acceptable. The method presented is easy to apply, and the calculated values, compared to the current legislation, are more restrictive when it comes to suggesting good water quality

Dinâmica do nitrogênio em solos alagados, contaminação da água de irrigação e rendimento de grãos de arroz em decorrência da aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados químicos e orgânicos

This study aimed to monitor the formation and mobility of mineral N in the soils and to evaluate the effect of these fertilizers on rice yield and contamination of water with ammonium and nitrate. The experiment was carried out in the field at Epagri Experiment Station in Itajaí, SC, southern Brazil, during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 crop seasons. Poultry liter wasapplied in two forms: a) incorporated 30 days before sowing; b) on mudding, just before rice sowing. The urea was applied in two forms: a) urea in total dose incorporated on mudding just before sowing; b) urea split in three tmes (25, 50 and 80 days afer sowing). Also, we applied Entec 26® with half the dose incorporated on mudding and half 80 days afer sowing. The concentration of N-NH4+ in the soil reached high values in the frst weeks afer fertilizer applicaton and fell down 50 days afer sowing. The highest grain yield occurred in treatments with split urea and Entec 26® in the first season and with split urea and poultry liter in the last season. There was no contaminaton of the water by ammonium or nitrate. The early incorporation of nitrogen fertlizers tested is less efcient than split urea applicatons for the demand of N by rice plants.Este trabalho teve por objetivo monitorar a formação e a mobilidade do N mineral no solo e avaliar o efeito dos fertilizantes no rendimento de grãos e na contaminação das águas por amônio e nitrato. O experimento foi conduzido no campo, na Epagri/Estação Experimental de Itajaí, nos anos agrícolas 2008/09 e 2009/10. Utilizou-se cama de aves em duasformas de aplicação: a) incorporada 30 dias antes da semeadura; b) incorporada na lama, na véspera da semeadura. Utilizou-se, também, ureia na dose total incorporada, na lama, na véspera da semeadura ou em três coberturas aos 25, 50 e 80 dias após a semeadura. Além desses, utilizou-se um tratamento com Entec 26®, sendo metade da dose incorporada na lama e metade aos 80 dias após a semeadura. A concentração de N-NH4+ no solo atingiu altos valores nas primeiras semanas após a incorporação dos fertlizantes, diminuindo para valores considerados irrisórios a partr dos 50 dias da semeadura. A maiorprodutvidade de grãos ocorreu nos tratamentos com ureia parcelada e Entec 26® na primeira safra, e com ureia parcelada e cama de aves na últma safra. Não houve contaminação das águas por amônio nem por nitrato. A incorporação antecipada dos fertilizantes nitrogenados testados é menos efciente do que as aplicações em cobertura para atender a demanda de N pelas plantas

Perfil lipídico e atividade antimicrobiana de óleos microbianos de 16 leveduras oleaginosas isoladas de queijo artesanal

Microbial oil is becoming an alternative to the increasing cost of vegetable oils, and it can be used for many applications, as biodiesel production and food supplementation. In particular, oleaginous yeasts, being unicellular, devoid of endotoxins, and suitable for large-scale fermentation, are particularly attractive for biotechnological approaches. This work aimed to identify, by molecular analyses, sixteen yeast strains as well as analyze the lipid profile and potential antimicrobial activity of the oil produced by them. All strains were identified as Yarrowia lipolytica, a promising single-cell-oil producer. No antimicrobial activity was found for the oil analyzed, although the lipid profile showed interesting results. The major fatty acids identified were oleic (18:1n9) and linoleic (18:2n6c) and the minor fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), heptadecanoic (C17:1), estearic (C18:0) and α-linolenic (C18:3n3). This last omega-3 fatty acid was identified on two strains (QU22 and QU137), enabling the oil produced by them to be used for dietary applications. Moreover, the oil of the other oleaginous yeasts analyzed in this study appears to be suitable for biodiesel production, since their lipid profiles are similar to the vegetable oils, widely used for that end.O uso de óleo microbiano está se tornando uma alternativa ao aumento do custo de óleos vegetais, e podendo ser utilizado para várias aplicações, como a produção de biodiesel e a suplementação de alimentos. Em particular, as leveduras oleaginosas, sendo unicelulares, desprovidas de endotoxinas e adequadas para a fermentação em grande escala, são particularmente atrativas para abordagens biotecnológicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar, por meio de técnicas moleculares, dezesseis cepas de leveduras e analisar o perfil lipídico e a potencial atividade antimicrobiana do óleo produzido por elas. Todas as cepas foram identificadas como Yarrowia lipolytica, uma promissora produtora de óleo microbiano. Nenhuma atividade antimicrobiana foi encontrada para o óleo analisado, porém, o perfil lipídico dos óleos apresentaram resultados interessantes. Os principais ácidos graxos identificados foram oléico (18:1n9) e linoléico (18:2n6c) e os ácidos graxos em menor quantidade foram o palmítico (C16:0), palmitoléico (C16:1), heptadecanóico (C17:1), esteárico (C18:0) e α -linolênico (C18:3n3). Este último ácido graxo ômega-3 foi identificado em duas cepas (QU22 e QU137), o que pode permitir que o óleo produzido por estas cepas seja utilizado em aplicações alimentares. Além disso, o óleo das demais leveduras oleaginosas analisadas neste estudo parece ser adequado para a produção de biodiesel, uma vez que o seu perfil lipídico é semelhante ao dos óleos vegetais, largamente utilizados para este fim

IV Foro Internacional de Ganadería Sustentable: conectividad ecosistémica y articulación territorial hacia la Agenda 2030

En este espacio plural de análisis y reflexiones, buscamos articular conceptos y posibilidades para los territorios de montaña del centro de México, dando importancia a medios de vida vinculados a la ganadería y su interacción ecosistémica, fundamentado en innovaciones, casos de éxito e iniciativas emblemáticas nacionales e internacionales. La socialización de experiencias es uno de los pilares para transitar hacia la sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos ganaderos: compartir logros e iniciativas, crear sinergias e identificar vulnerabilidades desde distintos enfoques.GIZ, Agencia de Cooperación Aleman

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

The LHCb Upgrade II will fully exploit the flavour-physics opportunities of the HL-LHC, and study additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb spectrometer. The LHCb Upgrade I will begin operation in 2020. Consolidation will occur, and modest enhancements of the Upgrade I detector will be installed, in Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2025) and these are discussed here. The main Upgrade II detector will be installed in long shutdown 4 of the LHC (2030) and will build on the strengths of the current LHCb experiment and the Upgrade I. It will operate at a luminosity up to 2×1034 cm−2s−1, ten times that of the Upgrade I detector. New detector components will improve the intrinsic performance of the experiment in certain key areas. An Expression Of Interest proposing Upgrade II was submitted in February 2017. The physics case for the Upgrade II is presented here in more depth. CP-violating phases will be measured with precisions unattainable at any other envisaged facility. The experiment will probe b → sl+l−and b → dl+l− transitions in both muon and electron decays in modes not accessible at Upgrade I. Minimal flavour violation will be tested with a precision measurement of the ratio of B(B0 → μ+μ−)/B(Bs → μ+μ−). Probing charm CP violation at the 10−5 level may result in its long sought discovery. Major advances in hadron spectroscopy will be possible, which will be powerful probes of low energy QCD. Upgrade II potentially will have the highest sensitivity of all the LHC experiments on the Higgs to charm-quark couplings. Generically, the new physics mass scale probed, for fixed couplings, will almost double compared with the pre-HL-LHC era; this extended reach for flavour physics is similar to that which would be achieved by the HE-LHC proposal for the energy frontier