80 research outputs found

    Mapping the physico-chemical properties of mineral dust in western Africa: mineralogical composition

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    International audienceIn the last few years, several ground-based and air-borne field campaigns have allowed the exploration of theproperties and impacts of mineral dust in western Africa,one of the major emission and transport areas worldwide.In this paper, we explore the synthesis of these observationsto provide a large-scale quantitative view of the mineralogi-cal composition and its variability according to source regionand time after transport.This work reveals that mineral dust in western Africa is amixture of clays, quartz, iron and titanium oxides, represent-ing at least 92 % of the dust mass. Calcite ranged between0.3 and 8.4 % of the dust mass, depending on the origin. Ourdata do not show a systematic dependence of the dust min-eralogical composition on origin; this is to be the case as, inmost of the instances, the data represent the composition ofthe atmospheric burden after 1–2 days after emission, whenair masses mix and give rise to a more uniform dust load.This has implications for the representation of the mineraldust composition in regional and global circulation modelsand in satellite retrievals.Iron oxides account for 58±7 % of the mass of elementalFe and for between 2 and 5 % of the dust mass. Most of themare composed of goethite, representing between 52 and 78 %of the iron oxide mass. We estimate that titanium oxides ac-count for 1–2 % of the dust mass, depending on whether thedust is of Saharan or Sahelian origin.The mineralogical composition is a critical parameter forestimating the radiative and biogeochemical impact of min-eral dust. The results regarding dust composition have been used to estimate the optical properties as well as the iron frac-tional solubility of Saharan and Sahelian dust.Data presented in this paper are provided in numeri-cal form upon email request while they are being turnedinto a public database, the Dust-Mapped Archived Proper-ties (DUST-MAP), which is an open repository for compo-sitional data from other source regions in Africa and world-wide

    Fractional solubility of iron in mineral dust aerosols over coastal Namibia: a link to marine biogenic emissions?

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    This paper presents the first investigation of the solubility of iron in mineral dust aerosols collected at the Henties Bay Aerosol Observatory (HBAO), in Namibia, from April to December 2017. During the study period, 10 intense dust events occurred. Elemental iron reached peak concentrations as high as 1.5 ”g m−3, significantly higher than background levels. These events are attributed to wind erosion of natural soils from the surrounding gravel plains of the Namib desert. The composition of the sampled dust is found to be overall similar to that of aerosols from northern Africa but is characterized by persistent and high concentrations of fluorine which are attributed to local fugitive dust. The fractional solubility of Fe (%SFe) for both the identified dust episodes and background conditions ranged between 1.3 % and 20 % and averaged at 7.9 % (±4.1 %) and 6.8 (±3.3 %), respectively. Even under background conditions, the %SFe was correlated with that of Al and Si. The solubility was lower between June and August and increased from September onwards during the austral spring. The relation to measured concentrations of particulate MSA (methane sulfonic acid), solar irradiance, and wind speed suggests a possible two-way interaction whereby marine biogenic emissions from the coastal Benguela upwelling to the atmosphere would increase the solubility of iron-bearing dust according to the photo-reduction processes. This first investigation points to the western coast of southern Africa as a complex environment with multiple processes and active exchanges between the atmosphere and the Atlantic Ocean, requiring further research

    Processus de dissolution des aérosols atmosphériques au sein des gouttes d'eau nuageuses

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    GĂ©rard Sarazin PrĂ©sident du Jury Guy Cautenet Rapporteur Christian George Rapporteur Francis Grousset Examinateur JĂŒrg HoignĂ© ExaminateurClouds affect both climate via the role they play in the Earth's radiation balance and tropospheric chemistry since they are efficient reaction media for chemical transformation of soluble species. Cloud droplets are formed in the atmosphere by condensation of water vapour onto aerosol particles, the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The water soluble fraction of these CCN governs the cloud microphysic, which is the paramount factor playing on the radiative properties of clouds. Moreover, this soluble fraction is the source of species imply in the oxidation/reduction reactions in the aqueous phase. Thus, it is of particular importance to understand the process controlling the solubilisation of aerosols in the cloud droplets. The main purpose of this work is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the dissolution of particles incorporated in the aqueous phase. From the studies conducted up to now, we have identify several factors playing on the dissolution reaction of aerosols. However, the quantification of the effects of these factors is difficult since the current means of study are not adapted to the complexity of cloud systems. First, this work consisted to perform a experimental system, compound by an open flow reactor, enabling to follow the kinetic of dissolution in conditions representative of cloud. This experimental device is used to a systematic characterisation of the known factors playing on the dissolution, i.e. pH, aerosol nature, aerosol weathering... and also for the identification and the quantification of the effects of other factors: ionic strength, acid nature, clouds processes. These experiments gave quantitative results, which are used to elaborate a simple model of aerosol dissolution in the aqueous phase. This model considers the main factors playing on the dissolution and results in a general mechanism of aerosol dissolution extrapolated to the cloud droplets.Les nuages sont des Ă©lĂ©ments essentiels de notre atmosphĂšre qui agissent Ă  la fois sur le bilan radiatif terrestre et sur sa capacitĂ© oxydante en transformant chimiquement une grande variĂ©tĂ© d'espĂšces solubles. Ces nuages se forment par la condensation de vapeur d'eau sur des particules d'aĂ©rosols, appelĂ©s noyaux de condensation. La fraction soluble de ces particules conditionne l'hygroscopie des particules et dĂ©termine ainsi la taille des gouttes du nuage. Ce paramĂštre est dĂ©terminant pour dĂ©finir les propriĂ©tĂ©s optiques des nuages. De plus, la dissolution des particules est la source primaire en phase aqueuse de diffĂ©rentes espĂšces dont les mĂ©taux de transition. Ces Ă©lĂ©ments sont impliquĂ©s dans divers processus d'oxydorĂ©duction et en particuliers dans les processus responsables de la formation des pluies acides. Il est par consĂ©quent trĂšs important de connaĂźtre, de maniĂšre fiable, les processus aboutissant Ă  la solubilisation de l'aĂ©rosol dans les gouttes d'eau nuageuses. Le principal objectif de ce travail a donc Ă©tĂ© de dĂ©velopper un outil expĂ©rimental puis une approche de modĂ©lisation afin de comprendre et de simuler la dissolution des particules piĂ©gĂ©es dans une phase nuageuse liquide. Dans un premier temps, ce travail a consistĂ© Ă  mettre en oeuvre un dispositif expĂ©rimental, comportant un rĂ©acteur de dissolution en circuit ouvert, qui permet de suivre la cinĂ©tique de dissolution dans des conditions proches des conditions nuageuses. Cet outil expĂ©rimental a ensuite Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour une caractĂ©risation systĂ©matique des diffĂ©rents facteurs d'influence recensĂ©s jusqu'alors sur la dissolution, c'est Ă  dire le pH, la nature des aĂ©rosols, leur degrĂ© d'altĂ©ration... mais Ă©galement sur des facteurs jusqu'alors non expĂ©rimentĂ©s que sont la force ionique, la nature des acides et les cycles d'Ă©vapocondensation nuageuse. Les expĂ©riences de dissolution menĂ©es sous ces diffĂ©rentes conditions nuageuses ont permis de mettre en avant et de quantifier l'effet important des ions H+ et OH- sur la dissolution, ainsi que du degrĂ© de solubilisation de la particule. Ces observations ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour l'Ă©laboration d'un mĂ©canisme de dissolution des particules en phase aqueuse. Une quantification de ce mĂ©canisme a enfin Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e en paramĂ©trisant les principaux facteurs impliquĂ©s dans la dissolution. La comparaison des rĂ©sultats calculĂ©s et expĂ©rimentaux montre une assez bonne adĂ©quation, validant la paramĂ©trisation effectuĂ©e. Finalement ce travail permet d'apporter des informations qualitatives et surtout quantitatives des interactions entre l'eau et les particules d'aĂ©rosols qui Ă©taient encore manquantes et montrent notamment l'importance du processus de dissolution pour comprendre le rĂŽle des aĂ©rosols dans l'implication climatique et chimique des nuages

    Processus de dissolution des aérosols atmosphériques au sein des gouttes d'eau nuageuses

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    GĂ©rard Sarazin PrĂ©sident du Jury Guy Cautenet Rapporteur Christian George Rapporteur Francis Grousset Examinateur JĂŒrg HoignĂ© ExaminateurClouds affect both climate via the role they play in the Earth's radiation balance and tropospheric chemistry since they are efficient reaction media for chemical transformation of soluble species. Cloud droplets are formed in the atmosphere by condensation of water vapour onto aerosol particles, the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The water soluble fraction of these CCN governs the cloud microphysic, which is the paramount factor playing on the radiative properties of clouds. Moreover, this soluble fraction is the source of species imply in the oxidation/reduction reactions in the aqueous phase. Thus, it is of particular importance to understand the process controlling the solubilisation of aerosols in the cloud droplets. The main purpose of this work is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the dissolution of particles incorporated in the aqueous phase. From the studies conducted up to now, we have identify several factors playing on the dissolution reaction of aerosols. However, the quantification of the effects of these factors is difficult since the current means of study are not adapted to the complexity of cloud systems. First, this work consisted to perform a experimental system, compound by an open flow reactor, enabling to follow the kinetic of dissolution in conditions representative of cloud. This experimental device is used to a systematic characterisation of the known factors playing on the dissolution, i.e. pH, aerosol nature, aerosol weathering... and also for the identification and the quantification of the effects of other factors: ionic strength, acid nature, clouds processes. These experiments gave quantitative results, which are used to elaborate a simple model of aerosol dissolution in the aqueous phase. This model considers the main factors playing on the dissolution and results in a general mechanism of aerosol dissolution extrapolated to the cloud droplets.Les nuages sont des Ă©lĂ©ments essentiels de notre atmosphĂšre qui agissent Ă  la fois sur le bilan radiatif terrestre et sur sa capacitĂ© oxydante en transformant chimiquement une grande variĂ©tĂ© d'espĂšces solubles. Ces nuages se forment par la condensation de vapeur d'eau sur des particules d'aĂ©rosols, appelĂ©s noyaux de condensation. La fraction soluble de ces particules conditionne l'hygroscopie des particules et dĂ©termine ainsi la taille des gouttes du nuage. Ce paramĂštre est dĂ©terminant pour dĂ©finir les propriĂ©tĂ©s optiques des nuages. De plus, la dissolution des particules est la source primaire en phase aqueuse de diffĂ©rentes espĂšces dont les mĂ©taux de transition. Ces Ă©lĂ©ments sont impliquĂ©s dans divers processus d'oxydorĂ©duction et en particuliers dans les processus responsables de la formation des pluies acides. Il est par consĂ©quent trĂšs important de connaĂźtre, de maniĂšre fiable, les processus aboutissant Ă  la solubilisation de l'aĂ©rosol dans les gouttes d'eau nuageuses. Le principal objectif de ce travail a donc Ă©tĂ© de dĂ©velopper un outil expĂ©rimental puis une approche de modĂ©lisation afin de comprendre et de simuler la dissolution des particules piĂ©gĂ©es dans une phase nuageuse liquide. Dans un premier temps, ce travail a consistĂ© Ă  mettre en oeuvre un dispositif expĂ©rimental, comportant un rĂ©acteur de dissolution en circuit ouvert, qui permet de suivre la cinĂ©tique de dissolution dans des conditions proches des conditions nuageuses. Cet outil expĂ©rimental a ensuite Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour une caractĂ©risation systĂ©matique des diffĂ©rents facteurs d'influence recensĂ©s jusqu'alors sur la dissolution, c'est Ă  dire le pH, la nature des aĂ©rosols, leur degrĂ© d'altĂ©ration... mais Ă©galement sur des facteurs jusqu'alors non expĂ©rimentĂ©s que sont la force ionique, la nature des acides et les cycles d'Ă©vapocondensation nuageuse. Les expĂ©riences de dissolution menĂ©es sous ces diffĂ©rentes conditions nuageuses ont permis de mettre en avant et de quantifier l'effet important des ions H+ et OH- sur la dissolution, ainsi que du degrĂ© de solubilisation de la particule. Ces observations ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour l'Ă©laboration d'un mĂ©canisme de dissolution des particules en phase aqueuse. Une quantification de ce mĂ©canisme a enfin Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e en paramĂ©trisant les principaux facteurs impliquĂ©s dans la dissolution. La comparaison des rĂ©sultats calculĂ©s et expĂ©rimentaux montre une assez bonne adĂ©quation, validant la paramĂ©trisation effectuĂ©e. Finalement ce travail permet d'apporter des informations qualitatives et surtout quantitatives des interactions entre l'eau et les particules d'aĂ©rosols qui Ă©taient encore manquantes et montrent notamment l'importance du processus de dissolution pour comprendre le rĂŽle des aĂ©rosols dans l'implication climatique et chimique des nuages

    Les particules atmospheriques

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    L’atmosphĂšre est composĂ©e non seulement de gaz – dont les plus importants sont de loin l’azote et l’oxygĂšne – mais Ă©galement de particules solides et liquides en suspension dans l’air. Celles-ci, de composition chimique et de taille variĂ©es, contribuent de façon importante Ă  la pollution atmosphĂ©rique observĂ©e dans diffĂ©rentes rĂ©gions du monde. À ce titre, les particules sont trĂšs Ă©tudiĂ©es depuis quelques annĂ©es afin de mieux comprendre le rĂŽle qu’elles jouent sur l’environnement et dans l’évolution du climat. Certaines d’entre elles, les plus petites – moins de 10 micromĂštres (ÎŒm) –, sont couramment appelĂ©es particules fines et ont des effets nocifs spĂ©cifiques sur la santĂ© humaine. MĂȘme si un grand nombre de particules est d’origine naturelle, la majoritĂ© des particules fines est issue d’activitĂ©s humaines, comme le trafic automobile, le chauffage rĂ©sidentiel ou encore les activitĂ©s agricoles et industrielles. Dans les grandes villes, ces particules fines, responsables d’une mauvaise qualitĂ© de l’air, font l’objet d’une surveillance quotidienne et des mesures de restriction (circulation diffĂ©renciĂ©e, suspension des activitĂ©s industrielles trĂšs Ă©mettrices
) sont rĂ©guliĂšrement prises en cas de dĂ©passement du seuil d’alerte qui est de 80 microgrammes par mĂštre cube (ÎŒg/m3) en moyenne pour vingt-quatre heures.26

    Factors influencing aerosol solubility during cloud process

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    International audienceThe water-soluble fraction of an aerosol determines its chemical and physical properties and also its behaviour. The origin of the aerosol and its atmospheric transport influence its solubility. Cloud process simulations have been conducted on both Saharan and anthropogenic aerosols. The rate of solubilisation was followed for native and processed aerosol particles; it is controlled by the pH variations due to release of acids or bases. It appears that one condensation/evaporation cycle increases the solubility of aerosol particles. Increasing the number of cloud process simulations does not affect the solubility profile. The solubility depends only on the conditions of the last cloud cycle and, in particular, on the factor controlling pH during this process
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