Party membership and campaign activity in Britain: The impact of electoral performance

The article examines the impact of electoral results on party membership and activity. Previous studies have focused on the long-term effects of electoral success or failure, suggesting that they may produce a spiral of demobilization or mobilization. The article shows that the dramatic change of electoral fortunes experienced by British parties at the 1997 general election broke this spiral, with the outcome leading to significant changes in the health and activity of local parties. It is concluded that dramatic election results can have significant implications for party organization

From foot-slogging to call centres and direct mail: A framework for analysing the development of district-level campaigning

Drawing upon ideas formulated with national-level campaigning in mind and also analyses of district or local-level campaigning, a conceptual framework to assist in analysing the development of district-level campaigning is presented. The proposed framework is further amplified, explained and tested using quantitative and qualitative data collected at British General Elections between 1992 and 2005. Various aspects of district (constituency) campaigning in Britain are examined and the extent of change over four General Elections analysed. In broad terms, the data show a good fit with the framework, which offers a useful way of thinking about developments in campaigning both within and across countries

The1997 Scottish referendum : an analysis of the Scottish referendum

Referendums are rare events in the United Kingdom. Only one UK-wide referendum has been held - on membership of the European Community (as it then was) in 1975 - and before 1997 there had been only three other significant referendums: in 1973, in Northern Ireland, on the constitutional position of the province, and in 1979, in Scotland and Wales, on proposals for devolution. Thus the scarcity of cases available for study in itself makes the 1997 referendum on a Scottish parliament worthy of close attention. In addition, however, the fact that Scottish voters were asked to vote on, not one, but two questions - whether or not they were in favour of a Scottish parliament and whether such a parliament should have tax-varying powers - made the Scottish referendum unique among the (admittedly few) referendums that have been held in Britain

The History and Evolution of the Market for ‘Delebs’ (Dead Celebrities)

In this paper, we survey the history behind the growing market for dead celebrities (‘Delebs’) in their role of creating secondary brand associations. According to some estimates, this market is now worth $2.25 billion in annual licensing and royalty revenues (CBC 2013). We begin, by defining key terms that are used in this market. Next, we do a survey and analysis of the major events that have given rise (intentionally or unintentionally) to this market. For ease of discussion, we discuss these historical events grouped by era. We follow this with a summary of the major events and trends that have shaped and are still shaping this burgeoning market. Finally, we conclude with a synopsis of some of the major implications (for marketers and other Deleb stake-holders) that we have picked up from our survey of this market and suggest some future directions that this market might take

Virtualisasi Fenomena Rotasi Bumi Dan Perbedaan Zona Waktu Menggunakan Unity 3D

Kemajuan dari perkembangan teknologi komputer grafis melahirkan sebuah media citra 3 dimensi. Salah satu perangkat lunak yang mampu digunakan untuk mengolah media 3 dimensi adalah Unity 3D. Kebebasan pengembangan perangkat lunak menggunakan Unity 3D memungkinkan pengguna untuk menerapkan konsep kehidupan nyata ke dalam Unity 3D. Konsep yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rotasi bumi dan perbedaan zona waktu karena fenomenanya tidak dapat dilihat secara langsung.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mengetahui apakah Unity 3D mampu membuat virtualisasi sesuai konsep. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengembangan perangkat lunak adalah Waterfall dan untuk implementasinya menggunakan eksperimen. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Unity 3D mampu menghasilkan produk media 3 dimensi yang sesuai atau valid dengan materi fisika rotasi bumi dan zona waktu yang telah diujicobakan kepada guru SMP mata pelajaran Fisika

Identifying Potential Breeding Areas of Short-Eared Owls Prior to Nesting Using Roadside Surveys to Detect Courtship and Territoriality Behavior: A Comparison of Visual and Audio Techniques

We piloted a roadside survey technique for detecting Short-eared Owls during the courtship period in western Montana.  Thirty-five surveys were conducted between 2009 and 2012 and were timed to coincide with pair-formation and courtship behavior. Short-eared Owls perform courtship flights and vocalizations which can be observed and heard during the crepuscular period.  Surveys were designed to compare visual and audio survey techniques.  Visual surveys occurred during the crepuscular period at the end of civil twilight and were immediately followed by a nocturnal audio survey.  Visual survey techniques accounted for over 91% (N=240) of all detections.  Detections associated with audio survey techniques were almost always associated with survey points where at least one owl was detected during visual survey.  Nearly three-quarters of visual detections (N=220) occurred between 30 and 70 min before the end of civil twilight.  Over 75% of visual detections and 90% of nocturnal detections occurred in areas where vegetation was uncut and ungrazed and most frequently associated with vegetation heights greater than approximately 60cm.  Short-eared Owls were never detected in areas where livestock was present.  We recommend visual surveys during the courtship to identify potential breeding areas prior to the onset of incubation

Unsung heroes: Constituency election agents in British general elections

Despite their central role in the electoral process, constituency agents have been largely overlooked by political scientists and this article seeks to rectify the omission. It sketches the origins and development of the role of agent from the late 19th century and suggests that a serious rethink of the role took place in the 1990s. Survey-based evidence about the social characteristics of agents is presented confirming that they are largely middle-aged, middle-class, well-educated men. They are also becoming more experienced, offer realistic assessments of the impact of constituency campaigning and, arguably, many take a long-term view of how their party's support can be maximised