Osobnost brenda destinacije i predviđanje ponašajnih namjera turista: primjer grada Splita

U fokusu rada dva su fenomena koja su, iako donekle neobična, relativno uvriježena u općoj literaturi o ponašanju potrošača i upravljanju klasičnim brendovima – percepcija osobnosti brenda te samoprocjena podudarnosti između osobnosti pojedinca i osobnosti brenda. U okviru rada te se fenomene razmatra u kontekstu istraživanja ponašanja turista i marketinga mjesta, odnosno turističke destinacije. Kada je riječ o destinacijskim brendovima, percepcija osobnosti brenda odnosi se na viđenje toga kakva bi destinacija bila kad bi bila osoba, tj. procjenu skupa ljudskih osobina povezanih s destinacijom. Procjena samo-podudarnosti pak podrazumijeva izjašnjavanje osobe o tome koliko je njezina osobnost sukladna percipiranoj osobnosti destinacije. Online istraživanjem u kojem su sudjelovali mlađi domaći posjetitelji grada Splita (N = 263) ispitana je struktura percipirane osobnosti grada Splita te je analizirana uloga koju percepcija osobnosti destinacije i procjena samo-podudarnosti imaju u predviđanju ponašajnih namjera turista (preporuka i ponovni posjet). Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici u najvećoj mjeri doživljavaju Split kao lijep, opušten i veseo, a u najmanjoj mjeri kao radišan, glamurozan i zapadni. Oni sudionici koji osobnost Splita doživljavaju pozitivnijom te svoju osobnost procjenjuju sukladnijom osobnosti Splita skloniji su tome da drugima preporuče posjet Splitu od onih sudionika koji se ne smatraju sličnima Splitu te ga općenito doživljavaju negativnijim. Ponovni posjet predviđa samo percepcija osobnosti destinacije, pri čemu je vjerojatnije da se u Split vrate one osobe koje njegovu osobnost vide pozitivnijom. U okviru rasprave o nalazima istaknute su osnovne metodološke zamjerke ovom i sličnim istraživanjima te navedene neke smjernice za buduća istraživanja i praksu. (IN ENGLISH: This paper focuses on two phenomena that are quite unusual, but relatively often present in the literature about consumer behaviour and traditional brand management – brand personality and self-congruity. Here they are examined within the framework of tourists’ behaviour and destination management. Consequently, brand personality relates to the perception of destination as if it were a person, i.e. the assessment of a set of human characteristics associated with the destination. Self-congruity stands for the assessment of the congruence between one’s personality and destination’s personality. Online research on the sample of young domestic tourists of the city of Split (N = 263) examined the structure of the perceived destination personality of Split, and explored the role that the perceived destination personality and self-congruity have in predicting tourists’ behavioural intentions (recommendation and return). The participants mostly perceived Split as beautiful, relaxed and cheerful, and the least as hard-working, glamorous and western. Those participants who assessed the personality of Split more positively and estimated their personality to correspond more to the personality of Split, had greater tendency to recommend Split, in comparison to those participants who did not see themselves to be similar to Split and assessed its personality more negatively. The intention to return was only predicted by the perceived destination personality, with those participants seeing the personality of Split more positively being more likely to visit again. The discussion section includes some observations on the methodological shortcomings of this and similar studies, as well as some guidelines for the forthcoming research and practice.

Theoretische und methodologische Probleme bei der Erforschung der Kontinuität und des Wandels von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen

U radu su prikazani osnovni problemi istraživanja kontinuiteta i promjena ličnosti. Takva se istraživanja susreću s nekim teorijskim, metodološkim i praktičnim problemima. Teorijski se problemi odnose na određenje pojmova kontinuiteta i promjena ličnosti. Navedeni pojmovi nisu jednoznačni. Vrlo je korisno razlikovanje šest tipova kontinuiteta i promjena koje nude Caspi i Bem (1990.). Tako možemo razlikovati sljedeće tipove stabilnosti ili promjena: apsolutni, diferencijalni, intraindividualni, strukturalni i koherentni. Metodološki problemi pri istraživanju kontinuiteta i promjena ličnosti također su razmatrani. Oni u prvom redu proizlaze iz činjenice što su dob, kohorta i točka mjerenja, tri ključne varijable u razvojnim istraživanjima, linearno povezane. Stoga niti jedan nacrt istraživanja ne može kontrolirati sve potencijalne artefakte. Na kraju, prikazane su i analizirane statističke alternative za kvantificiranje promjena ličnosti. Mjerenje promjena je teorijski vrlo važno jer omogućuje njihovo povezivanje s drugim varijablama, što može, uz odgovarajući nacrt, omogućiti istraživanja etiologije kontinuiteta i promjena ličnosti.The paper presents the main issues in the research of personality continuity and change. This kind of research is confronted with several theoretical, methodological, and practical problems. Theoretical problems include definitions of concepts, both of personality continuity and change. It is very useful to distinguish six different types of continuity (Caspi & Bem, 1990): absolute, differential, ipsative, structural and coherent. Methodological problems in the research of personality continuity and change are analyzed. The most important methodological problems are caused by linear relationships of the main variables of the general developmental model – age, cohort, and time of measurement. Although several developmental designs are available, there is no design which allows certain conclusions about age, cohort or measurement point effects. Some effects are always confounded. Finally, statistical alternatives for the measuring of personality change are presented and analyzed. Measurement of change is of great theoretical importance, because it is essential for the research of etiology of personality continuity and change.Dieser Artikel präsentiert die Hauptprobleme, mit denen sich der Verfasser bei seiner Forschungstätigkeit konfrontiert sah. In der Regel sind Untersuchungen dieser Art mit bestimmten theoretischen, methodologischen und praktischen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Die theoretischen Probleme beziehen sich auf die Bestimmung der Begriffe Kontinuität von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Persönlichkeitswandel. Diese Begriffe sind nicht eindeutig geklärt. Als sehr nützlich erwies sich die Unterscheidung verschiedener Typen der Kontinuität bzw. des Wandels von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen, die von den Autoren Caspi und Bem (1990) eingeführt wurden. Dies sind der absolute, der differentiale, der intra-individuelle, der strukturale und der kohärente Typ. Ebenfalls untersucht wurden methodologische Probleme, die bei der Erforschung der Kontinuität und des Wandels von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auftauchen. Diese gehen in erster Linie darauf zurück, dass die drei Schlüsselvariablen in Langzeitstudien: Alter, Gruppe der Untersuchungsteilnehmer und Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung, in linearem Bezug zueinander stehen. Daher ist kein Untersuchungsentwurf in der Lage, alle potentiellen Veränderungen zu berücksichtigen. Schließlich wurden auch die analysierten statistischen Alternativen zur Quantifizierung des Persönlichkeitswandels dargestellt. Die Erfassung von Veränderungen ist in theoretischer Hinsicht von erstrangiger Bedeutung, da sie die Korrelierung zu anderen Variablen ermöglicht, und dies wiederum kann, bei Bestehen eines angemessenen Entwurfs, die Voraussetzung dafür sein, die Ätiologie der Kontinuität und des Wandels von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen zu erforschen

Kontinuität und Wandel von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen von der Adoleszenz bis zum frühen Erwachsenenalter: Ergebnisse einer Langzeituntersuchung

U istraživanju su prikazani rezultati longitudinalnog praćenja razvoja ličnosti od adolescencije do rane odraslosti. Eysenckov upitnik ličnosti (EPQ) primijenjen je u dvije točke mjerenja na skupini od 262 sudionika u istraživanju. Pri prvom mjerenju sudionici su imali prosječno 17,25 godina, a drugo je mjerenje provedeno točno četiri godine kasnije. Prikupljeni podaci rabljeni su za analizu kontinuiteta, odnosno promjena ličnosti na fenotipskoj razini. Prvo, analizirane su promjene u prosječnim rezultatima skupine. U analiziranom razdoblju došlo je do značajnog smanjenja prosječnih rezultata na ljestvicama neuroticizma i laganja (p<.01) te blagog povećanja prosjeka za ljestvicu ekstraverzije (p<.05). Drugo, analizirana je stabilnost individualnih razlika u četverogodišnjem razdoblju. Korelacije između dva mjerenja iznosile su .571, .595, .509 i .509 za ljestvice ekstraverzije, neuroticizma, psihoticizma i laganja.The study presents results of the longitudinal study of personality development from adolescence to young adulthood. Eysenck\u27s Personality Questionnaire was administered to a sample of 262 participants in two measurement points. The mean age of participants was 17.25 in the first measurement, and the test-retest interval was exactly four years. Data was analyzed in order to estimate the personality continuity and change at the phenotypic level. First, the changes in mean scale scores were analyzed. The significant decrease of neuroticism and lie scores were obtained (p<.01), while extroversion scores decreased slightly (p<.05). Second, individual differences were moderately stable for all scales. The test-retest correlations were, respectively, .571, .595, .509, and .509 for extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie scales.Vorliegende Studie präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Langzeituntersuchung zur Persönlichkeitsentwicklung von der Adoleszenz bis zum frühen Erwachsenenalter. In einer Gruppe von 262 Umfrageteilnehmern wurde zu zwei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Persönlichkeits- Fragebogen nach Eysenck angewandt. Bei der ersten Umfrage waren die Teilnehmer im Durchschnitt 17,25 Jahre alt; die zweite Untersuchung wurde genau 4 Jahre später vorgenommen. Die gesammelten Angaben wurden zu einer Analyse der Kontinuität bzw. des Wandels von phänotypischen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen eingesetzt. Zunächst analysierte man Veränderungen, die in den Durchschnittsresultaten der Gruppe eingetreten waren. Im untersuchten Zeitabschnitt war es zu einer wesentlichen Verminderung von neurotischem Verhalten und Lügenverhalten (p<.01) gekommen, ferner zu einem leichten Anstieg der durchschnittlichen Extraversionswerte (p<.05). Als Zweites wurde die Stabilität individueller Abweichungen innerhalb des VierjahresZeitraums analysiert. Die Korrelationen zwischen den bei-den Untersuchungen betrugen .571, .595, .509 und .509 be-züglich Extraversion, Neurotizismus, Psychotizismus und Lügenverhalten

Genetic and environmental contribution to social dominance orientation and its overlap with HEXACO personality traits: a twin study

IN ENGLISH: Social dominance orientation (SDO), i.e. the preference toward egalitarian or hierarchically arranged relations within a society may be studied from social/contextual, but also dispositional perspective. The aim of the present study was to explore genetic and environmental contribution to the individual differences in SDO, and its overlap with HEXACO personality traits, both at phenotypic and latent genetic and environmental levels. The sample consisted of 830 Croatian twins aged 19 to 28 years who filled-in the self-report measures. Data analyses indicated the heritability of SDO was over 40%, with no evidence for the common environmental influences. SDO phenotypic variance substantially overlapped with Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Openness domains. Numerous significant correlations were found at the facet level, with the highest phenotypic overlap for the “interstitial” altruism facet. However, incremental predictive power of personality (over age and sex) was moderate: 13% and 19% of the phenotypic SDO variance was predicted by HEXACO traits at the domains and facet levels, respectively. Multivariate behavioural genetic analysis indicated that 19% and 3% of the genetic and unique environmental variance of SDO overlapped with the genetic and unique environmental variance of personality, respectively. Substantial genetic correlations of SDO with Honesty-Humility and Openness domains were found, while marginal unique environmental correlation was found for Openness domain only. The etiological overlap between SDO and personality represents an argument in favour of taking dispositional along with social/contextual perspective in explaining social behaviour. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Orijentacija na socijalnu dominaciju (SDO), odnosno sklonost egalitarnim ili hijerarhijski uređenim odnosima unutar društva može se proučavati iz socijalne/kontekstualne, ali i dispozicijske perspektive. Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti genetski i okolinski doprinos individualnim razlikama u orijentaciji na socijalnu dominaciju i njeno preklapanje s HEXACO dimenzijama ličnosti na fenotipskoj te latentnoj genetskoj i okolinskoj razini. Uzorak se sastojao od 830 hrvatskih blizanaca u dobi od 19 do 28 godina koji su ispunili različite mjere samoprocjena. Analize podataka pokazale su da je heritabilnost orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju preko 40%. Nisu utvrđeni dokazi o dijeljenom okolinskom utjecaju. Fenotipska varijanca orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju značajno se preklapala s dimenzijama poštenja-poniznosti, emocionalnosti i otvorenosti. Pronađene su brojne značajne korelacije na razini faceta, s najvećim fenotipskim preklapanjem utvrđenim za "intersticijsku" facetu altruizma. Međutim, inkrementalna prediktivna snaga ličnosti (povrh dobi i spola) bila je umjerena: HEXACO osobine na razini dimenzija, odnosno faceta su predviđale 13% i 19% fenotipske varijance orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju. Multivarijatna bihevioralno-genetička analiza pokazala je da se 19% i 3% genetske i nedijeljene okolinske varijance orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju preklapa s genetskom, odnosno nedijeljenom okolinskom varijancom ličnosti. Pronađene su značajne genetske korelacije orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju s dimenzijama poštenje-poniznost i otvorenost, te marginalno značajna korelacija nedijeljene okoline orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju i otvorenosti. Etiološko preklapanje orijentacije na socijalnu dominaciju i ličnosti argument je za zauzimanje dispozicijske perspektive, pored socijalne/kontekstualne perspektive, u objašnjavanju socijalnog ponašanja

Sex differences in manipulation tactics - study of twin pairs

Dosadašnja istraživanja taktika manipulacije koja su se bavila spolnim razlikama uglavnom su pokazala da ih žene češće koriste nego muškarci. U ovom istraživanju željeli smo provjeriti koriste li muškarci i žene u različitoj mjeri određene taktike manipulacije kad žele manipulirati osobe istog nasuprot različitog spola. Podaci su prikupljeni na 678 pojedinaca odnosno 339 parova blizanaca koji su ispunili mjerni instrument za ispitivanje taktika manipulacije. Od toga je 170 njih izvještavalo o korištenju taktika manipulacije prema osobi istog muškog spola, 280 prema osobi istog ženskog spola, a 228 prema osobi suprotnog spola. Za svakog sudionika izračunata su četiri rezultata: za indirektne taktike za prisiljavanje, direktne taktike, indirektne taktike za podilaženje, te ukupni rezultat. Provedena je analiza varijanci s četiri kontrasta: usporedba muškaraca nasuprot žena bez obzira na spol ciljne publike, muškaraca prema muškarcima nasuprot muškaraca prema ženama, žena prema ženama nasuprot žena prema muškarcima, te prema istom nasuprot suprotnog spola. Rezultati su pokazali da žene općenito više koriste taktike manipulacije nego muškarci te da se direktne taktike više koriste prema suprotnom spolu. Jedino za indirektne taktike za podilaženje nisu pronađene spolne razlike. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju da se obrazac korištenja taktika manipulacije razlikuje ovisno i o spolu osobe koja manipulira i o spolu osobe koja se manipulira.Previous studies of sex differences in manipulation tactics have mainly shown that women use them more often than men. In this study, we wanted to explore the nature of manipulation tactics used by men and women when manipulating people of the same and opposite sex. Data was collected on 678 individuals of 339 twin pairs. They all completed manipulation tactics measure. 170 reported on their use of manipulation tactics toward a person of the same male sex, 280 toward a person of the same female sex and 228 toward a person of the opposite sex. For each participant, four scores were available: indirect tactics of coercion, direct tactics, indirect tactics for humouring and the total score. Analysis of variance with four contrasts was performed comparing men vs. women no matter which sex was the target, same vs. opposite sex, men toward men vs. men toward women, and women toward women vs. women toward men. The results showed that women generally use more manipulation tactics than men and that direct tactics are used more toward opposite sex. Only indirect tactics for humouring have not shown any sex differences. These results indicate that pattern of manipulation tactics use differs depending on both sex of the manipulator and the target

Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und psychologische Grundbedürfnisse als Prädiktoren für die Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben: Ergebnisse von Online-Umfragen

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio pridonijeti razumijevanju zadovoljstva životom usporedbom dvaju teoretskih modela. Model Coste i Mc-Craea (Costa i McCrae, 1980.; McCrae i Costa, 1991.) naglaša-va važnost ekstraverzije i neuroticizma, odnosno ugodnosti i savje-snosti za razumijevanje individualnih razlika u zadovoljstvu živo-tom. Teorija samoodređenja (Ryan i Deci, 2000.), pak, naglašava da je važno ispunjavanje psiholoških potreba dugotrajnim aku-muliranjem dnevnoga postizanja iskustava autonomije, kompeten-cije i osjećaja povezanosti. Rezultati našeg on-line istraživanja predstavljaju djelomičnu potvrdu dosadašnjih istraživanja i mode-la utjecaja na zadovoljstvo životom koje smo usporedili: ekstraver-zija, neuroticizam i savjesnost značajni su prediktori zadovoljstva životom, pri čemu su ekstraverzija i savjesnost pozitivni, a neurotici-zam je negativan prediktor; zadovoljenje osnovnih psiholoških potreba snažan je pozitivan prediktor zadovoljstva životom. Usporedba dva modela pokazuje da je zadovoljenje psiholoških potreba za autonomijom, kompetencijom i povezanošću snažniji prediktor zadovoljstva životom od osobina ličnosti. Osobine ličnosti nemaju dodatnu prediktivnu valjanost (na osnovne psihološke potrebe) u predviđanju zadovoljstva životom. Obrnuto, osnovne psihološke potrebe, u predviđanju zadovoljstva životom, imaju dodatnu prediktivnu valjanost u odnosu na osobine ličnosti.The goal of this research has been to add to the understanding of the life satisfaction concept through the comparison of two theoretical models. Costa and McCrae\u27s model (Costa, McCrae, 1980; McCrae, Costa, 1991) of influence of personality dimensions on life satisfaction highlights the importance of extraversion and neuroticism, as well as the importance of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Self-determination theory, however, posits that the fulfillment of basic psychological needs, in the sense of accumulation of daily attainment of experiences of autonomy, competence and relatedness, predicts life satisfaction. The results confirmed the previous research and models of influence on life satisfaction which we have compared: Extraversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness are significant predictors of life satisfaction among personality dimensions, whereas extraversion and conscientiousness are positive and neuroticism is a negative predictor; satisfaction of basic psychological needs is a strong positive predictor of life satisfaction. Comparison of the two models suggests that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs predicts life satisfaction over and beyond the big-five personality dimensions. Personality traits add to the life satisfaction prediction of basic psychological needs only marginally. The result is understandable when interpreted by the motivational approach to personality perspectives, which assumes that needs are the more basic and more simple constructs which influence development of personality.Diese Arbeit möchte anhand eines Vergleichs zweier theoretischer Modelle, die den Faktor der Zufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Leben erläutern, zum Verständnis dieses Phänomens beitragen. Das Model von Costa und McCrae (Costa, McCrae, 1980; McCrae, Costa, 1991) betont die Bedeutung von Extraversion und Neurotizismus bzw. von Verträglichkeit und Gewissenhaftigkeit für das Verständnis der individuellen Unterschiede in der Zufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Leben. Demgegenüber betont die Theorie der Selbstbestimmung (Ryan und Deci, 2000), dass es für die Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben wichtig ist, die eigenen psychologischen Bedürfnisse zu erfüllen, und zwar durch die langfristig akkumulierte und täglich sich wiederholende Erfahrung von Autonomie, Kompetenz und dem Gefühl der Verbundenheit mit der Umwelt. Zum Teil bestätigen die Resultate bereits vorliegende Untersuchungen und Modelle zu Faktoren, die die Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben beeinflussen und die einem Vergleich unterzogen wurden: Extraversion, Neurotizismus und Gewissenhaftigkeit sind bedeutende Prädiktoren für die Zufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Leben, wobei Extraversion und Gewissenhaftigkeit positive Prädiktoren sind, Neurotizismus jedoch ein negativer Prädiktor. Die Befriedigung psychologischer Grundbedürfnisse ist ein starker positiver Prädiktor für die Zufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Leben. Der Vergleich zwischen den genannten Modellen verweist darauf, dass die Befriedigung der psychologischen Bedürfnisse nach Autonomie, Kompetenz und Verbundenheit mit der Umwelt stärkere Prädiktoren sind als Persönlichkeitsmerkmale. Bei der Einschätzung der Zufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Leben haben Persönlichkeitsmerkmale keine zusätzliche prädiktive Gültigkeit. Andersherum betrachtet haben aber psychologische Grundbedürfnisse im Hinblick auf Persönlichkeitsmerkmale eine zusätzliche prädiktive Gültigkeit

Die Faktorenstruktur der Freundschaften zugrunde liegenden Regeln und ihr Bezug zu Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen

Uspješnost u prijateljskim vezama povezana je s osjećajem psihološ ke dobrobiti i socijalnom prilagodbom pojedinca. Na kvalitetu odnosa u prijateljskim vezama utječu pravila kojima se služe sudionici u interakciji s partnerima u takvoj vezi. U ovom radu prikazano je istraživanje faktorske strukture pravila u prijateljskim vezama. Na temelju literature i prikupljanjem pravila kojih se mlađe odrasle osobe pridržavaju u prijateljskim vezama oblikovan je upitnik za samoprocjenu IR-1 sa 141 tvrdnjom/pravilom, koji je primijenjen na ispitanicima mlađe odrasle dobi (N=501). Faktorskom analizom utvrđeno je pet dimenzija pravila u prijateljskim vezama, koje su nazvane dobronamjernost, druželjubivost, prikladnost, samokontrola i usmjerenost na sebe. Navedene dimenzije pravila u prijateljskim vezama uspoređene su s rezultatima istraživanja drugih autora s područja prijateljskih veza i socijalne kompetencije. Na manjoj podskupini od 114 ispitanika primijenjen je i NEO PI-R inventar koji mjeri dimenzije ličnosti prema petofaktorskom modelu. Pronađene su mnoge statistički značajne korelacije između dimenzija interpersonalnih pravila, s jedne strane, i dimenzija ličnosti i njihovim facetama, s druge, a najviše ih je bilo povezano s ekstraverzijom i ugodnošću.Positive friendship relationships are connected to the psychological well-being and social adjustment of an individual. Relationship quality in friendships is influenced by the rules that participants use in the interaction with their partners. This paper presents the research of the factor structure of rules in friendship relationships. Based on the previous research of other authors and the process of collecting rules that young adults use in their friendship relationships, the IR-1 questionnaire with 141 statements/rules was developed and then applied on subjects (N=501) in the age of early adulthood. Factor analysis revealed five dimensions of rules in friendship relationships that were labeled benevolence, sociability, appropriateness, self-control, and self-directedness. These dimensions of interpersonal rules were compared with the results of research of other authors in the field of friendship relationships and social competence. The NEO PI-R inventory that measures the personality dimensions according to the five-factor model of personality was also applied on a smaller subset of subjects (N=114). Many statistically significant correlations were uncovered between the dimensions of interpersonal rules, on the one side, and the personality dimensions and their facets, on the other side, and most of them were related to extraversion and agreeableness.Freundschaften sind eine wichtige Form der sozialen Vernetzung von Adoleszenten und jüngeren Erwachsenen, und der diesbezügliche Erfolg geht einher mit dem Gefühl seelischen Wohlbefindens und der sozialen Anpassung des Individuums. Die Qualität des freundschaftlichen Verhältnisses wird bestimmt von Regeln, die die Interaktionspartner bei ihrem gegenseitigen Umgang anwenden. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung, mit der die Faktorenstruktur der Freundschaften zugrunde liegenden Regeln ermittelt werden sollte. Aufgrund fachliterarischer Angaben und zusammengetragener Regeln, die den Freundschaften jüngerer Erwachsener zugrunde liegen, wurde ein Fragebogen zur Selbsteinschätzung (IR-1) entworfen; er enthält 141 Behauptungen/Regeln, zu denen 501 Probanden im jüngeren Erwachsenenalter Stellung nehmen sollten. Eine Faktorenanalyse ergab fünf Dimensionen der in Freundschaften befolgten Regeln. Diese sind: Gutwilligkeit, Geselligkeit, Angemessenheit, Selbstkontrolle und Selbstorientiertheit. Die angeführten Dimensionen wurden verglichen mit den Untersuchungsergebnissen anderer Autoren, die im Bereich freundschaftlicher Beziehungen und sozialer Kompetenz forschen. In einer Probanden- Untergruppe geringeren Umfangs (N = 114) wurde der Fragebogen NEO PI-R eingesetzt, um Persönlichkeitsdimensionen nach dem Fünf-Faktoren-Modell zu ermitteln. Man entdeckte zahlreiche statistisch relevante Korrelationen zwischen den Dimensionen von Interaktionsregeln einerseits und Persönlichkeitsdimensionen, einschließlich ihren Facetten, andererseits. Die meisten standen in Bezug zu Extravertierheit und angenehmem Auftreten