Influence of curd particles washing on the composition of curd made of milk in which co aggregates were formed

The composition of curd A and curd B was investigated as influenced by the technological process known as curd washing after removing 1/3 or 1/2 of whey and replacing by the same volume of water at the drying temperatures of 42ºC and 45ºC, respectively. Milk used for experiments was heat-treated at 87ºC/10 min, during which the chemical complex between casein and whey proteins (milk protein co aggregates) was formed. It is shown that the applied drying temperatures of 42ºC (curd A) and 45ºC (curd B) do not have significant influence on the curd composition. The curd A and B gained without washing of the curd had 50.91% and 50.60% of moisture, respectively. If the curd washing process is applied after removing 1/3 of whey, the resulting curd has higher moisture content, 52.27% and 52.63%, respectively for the curd A and B. The highest moisture content in the curd is noted in the curd gained when 1/2 of whey is replaced by water during washing treatment. The same tendency is noted for the moisture in fat- free basis (MFFB), the parameter used for cheese classification. Also, it is observed that fat, protein and ash content are lower in the curd A and B when the curd washing process is applied than in the curd produced without the curd washing process. However, regardless of the increased moisture content of the curd gained by washing process, it is possible (even from heat-treated milk in which coaggreagates are formed) to achieve the average MFFB typical for semi-hard cheeses of Dutch type, by further technological processes such as molding, pressing, salting and ripening

The influence of investigated factors on viscosity of stirred yogurt

Skim milk was reconstituted to obtain milk with 8.44% DM, which was standardized with demineralized whey powder (DWP) to obtain milk sample A (9.71% DM) and milk sample B (10.75% DM). Milk samples were heat treated at 85ºC/20 min and 90ºC/10 min, respectively. Untreated milk was used as control. Milk samples were inoculated with 2.5% of commercial yogurt culture (containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in the ratio 1:1) at 43ºC. Samples were incubated until pH 4.6 was reached. Samples were immediately cooled to 4ºC and held at that temperature until analyses. Samples of acid casein gels were stirred after 1, 7 and 14 days of storage. Measurements of viscosity were done with Brookfield DV-E Viscometer. Spindle No 3 at 30 rpm was used for all samples. Duration of fermentation decreased when DWP was used for standardization of milk dry matter content. Yogurt samples produced from milk heat treated at 85ºC/20 min, obtained by stirring of gel 1 day after production had a higher viscosity than sample produced from milk heat treated at 90ºC/10 min. On the other hand, samples produced from milk heat treated at 90ºC/10 min had a greater viscosity after 7 and 14 days of storage, which indicates a greater hydrophilic properties and a more pronounced swelling of casein micelles

The influence of dry matter, applied heat treatment and storage period on the viscosity of stirred yogurt

Skim milk powder reconstituted to 8.44% TS, 9.65% TS and 10.84% TS respectively was used for investigation. Untreated milk and milk heat treated at 85ºC/20 min and 90ºC/10 min, respectively, were used for the investigation. Milk was inoculated with 2.5% of yogurt culture (containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in the ratio 1:1) at 43ºC. Samples were incubated until pH 4.6 was reached. Samples were immediately cooled to 4ºC and held at that temperature during 14 days. Acid casein gel was stirred after 1, 7 and 14 days of storage. Measurements were done at 30 rpm during 2 min, at 20ºC. According to the investigation, it could be concluded that both applied heat treatment and dry matter content influence viscosity of stirred yogurt. Viscosity increases when dry matter content increases. The smallest viscosity had yogurt produced from untreated milk with 8.44% TS, while samples produced from milk with 10.84% TS had the highest viscosity. Applied heat treatments had significant influence on viscosity of yogurt gained by stirring of acid casein gels after 7 and 14 days of storage. Stirred yogurt produced from milk heat treated at 90ºC/10 min had a higher viscosity than samples produced from milk heat treated at 85ºC/20 min. Storage period influenced average viscosity of stirred yogurt. Samples of stirred yogurt produced from milk with 8.44% TS showed a decrease of average viscosity during storage regardless of the applied heat treatment of milk. The highest average viscosity had samples produced from milk with 10.84% TS

Viscosity of set-style yogurt as influenced by heat treatment of milk and added demineralized whey powder

Skim milk powder was reconstituted to obtain milk A (with 8.44% TS). Milk sample A was standardized with different amounts of demineralized whey powder (DWP) to obtain milk B (with 9.71% TS) and milk C (with 10.75% TS). Milk samples were heat treated at 85ºC/20 min and 90ºC/10 min, respectively. Untreated milk was used as control. Milk samples were inoculated with 2.5% of commercial yogurt culture (containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in the ratio 1:1) at 43ºC. Samples were incubated until pH 4.6 was reached. Samples were immediately cooled to 4ºC and held at that temperature until analyses. Measurements of viscosity were done with Brookfield DV-E Viscometer. Spindle No 3 at 20 rpm was used for all samples. After 1 day of storage, set-style yogurt samples produced from untreated milk had the highest, while samples produced from milk heat treated at 90ºC/10 min the smallest initial viscosity, regadless of the dry matter content and composition. Average viscosity of set-style yogurts decreased with intensifying temperature of applied heat-treatment. During storage, set-style yogurt samples produced from milk heat treated at 90ºC/10 min had the least pronounced decrease of viscosity during shearing. After 14 days of storage, set-style yogurt samples produced from milk standardized with demineralized whey powder had higher viscosity than samples produced from basis milk

Influence of selected factors on induced syneresis

Syneresis is the process of whey separation induced by gel contraction resulting in rearranging or restructuring of casein matrix formed during enzymatic coagulation. Numerous factors can influence the process of syneresis. The influences of pH, calcium concentration, temperature of coagulation of milk and applied heat treatment on the syneresis induced by different intensity of centrifugal force have been investigated. Coagulated samples were centrifuged at 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm for 5 min, respectively. Reconstituted skim milk powder (control sample) and reconstituted non-fat milk heat treated at 87ºC/10 min (experimental sample) are coagulated at temperatures of 30ºC and 35ºC, at pH value of 5.8 and 6.2, and with the addition of 100, 200 and 400 mg/l of CaCl2, respectively. Centrifugation at 1000 rpm of both control and experimental samples didn’t recover any sera, regardless of the applied coagulation conditions. This indicates that the intensity of centrifugal force wasn’t strong enough to disrupt gel structure and cause syneresis. When the intensity of centrifugal force was increased up to 2000 rpm, the syneresis was induced, but the degree of syneresis depended on the applied factors of coagulation, primary on the applied heat treatments and temperature of coagulation. The amount of added CaCl2 didn’t have a significant influence on the induced syneresis at 2000 rpm. The induced syneresis was very significant for both control and experimental samples when the intensity of centrifugal force of 3000 rpm was applied. It was also noted that curd produced from heat treated milk in which milk protein coaggregates were formed, released less sera regardless of the applied coagulation factors

The influence of applied heat treatments on whey protein denaturation

Reconstituted skim milk with 8.01% DM was standardized with 3% skim milk powder and with 3% demineralized whey powder (DWP), respectively. Gained milk samples are named as 8%, 11% and 8%+3%DWP. All samples were heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min, respectively. Untreated milk was used as control. Milk samples were coagulated by glucono-d-lactone (GDL) at the temperature of 45ºC until pH 4.60 was reached. Milk nitrogen matter content decreased during heat treatments, but linear relationship between applied heat treatments and nitrogen matter decreasing was not found. Nitrogen matter content of sera gained from both untreated and heat treated milk increased with the increase of milk dry matter content and with the addition of DWP. The higher temperature of applied heat treatment, the smaller sera nitrogen matter content. Nitrogen matter content in sera obtained from untreated milk were 64.90 mg%, 96.80 mg% and 117.3 mg% for milk 8%, 11% and 8%+3.0% DWP, respectively. Sera samples obtained from milk 8% heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min had 38.70 mg% 38.30 mg% and 37.20 mg% of nitrogen matter, respectively. Sera samples obtained from milk 11% heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min had 55.90 mg%, 52.80 mg% and 51.30 mg% of nitrogen matter, respectively. Sera samples obtained from milk 8% heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min had 69.50 mg%, 66.20 mg% and 66.00 mg% of nitrogen matter respectively. Distribution of nitrogen matter from untreated milk to milk sera were 12.01%, 11.14% and 17.69% for milk 8%, 11% and 8%+3.0% DWP respectively. Distribution of nitrogen matter from milk 8% heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min to sera samples were 6.99%, 6.72% and 6.59%, respectively. Distribution of nitrogen matter from milk 11% heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min to sera samples, were 6.02%, 5.32% and 5.21%, respectively. Distribution of nitrogen matter from milk 8%+3%DWP heat treated at 85ºC/10 min, 90ºC/10 min and 95ºC/10 min to sera samples were 9.64%, 8.66% and 8.67%, respectively. Whey protein denaturation increased with increasing of the temperature of the applied heat treatment. Denaturation was the most significant for milk sample 11%

Influence of selected factors on the viscosity of set style yogurt and acid casein gel at constant speed of spindle rotation

The influence of milk dry matter (DM) content (8.20%, 9.27% and 10.28%) and applied heat treatments (untreated milk and milk heat-treated at 90oC/10’) on the viscosity of set-style yogurt and acid casein gel gained by acidification with GDL (glucono-d-lactone) has been investigated. Viscosity was measured during the time of 3 minutes at constant speed of spindle rotation of 20 rpm. The results have shown that yogurt samples produced from untreated milk had higher viscosity values than samples produced from heat-treated milk. An increase of dry matter content influenced the increase of viscosity of yogurt samples produced from both untreated milk and heat-treated milk. Samples with 10.28% DM had the highest viscosity values. An increase of DM content in samples of acid casein gel produced by acidification with GDL had an opposite influence. The samples with smallest DM content had the highest viscosity values. There is no linear relationship between the period of storage of set-style yogurt produced from heat-treated milk and viscosity value