DeepDyve: Dynamic Verification for Deep Neural Networks

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become one of the enabling technologies in many safety-critical applications, e.g., autonomous driving and medical image analysis. DNN systems, however, suffer from various kinds of threats, such as adversarial example attacks and fault injection attacks. While there are many defense methods proposed against maliciously crafted inputs, solutions against faults presented in the DNN system itself (e.g., parameters and calculations) are far less explored. In this paper, we develop a novel lightweight fault-tolerant solution for DNN-based systems, namely DeepDyve, which employs pre-trained neural networks that are far simpler and smaller than the original DNN for dynamic verification. The key to enabling such lightweight checking is that the smaller neural network only needs to produce approximate results for the initial task without sacrificing fault coverage much. We develop efficient and effective architecture and task exploration techniques to achieve optimized risk/overhead trade-off in DeepDyve. Experimental results show that DeepDyve can reduce 90% of the risks at around 10% overhead

The crystal structure of catena–poly[aqua(1-naphthoato-κ 2 O,O′)-(μ-1-naphthoato-κ 4 O:O,O′:O′)lead(II)], C22H16O5Pb

C22H16O5Pb, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.3395(8) Å, b = 10.7768(11) Å, c = 23.034(3) Å, V = 1821.9(3) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0327, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0735, T = 296(2) K

The crystal structure of di-μ-1-naphthylacetato-κ 3 O,O′:O;κ 3 O:O,O′-bis[(1-naphthylacetato-κ 2 O,O′)(2,2′-bipyridine-κ 2 N,N′)lead(II)] monohydrate, C68H54N4O9Pb2

C68H54N4O9Pb2 ${\mathrm{C}}_{68}{\mathrm{H}}_{54}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}}_{2}$ , monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 15.7286(14) Å, b = 16.3623(14) Å, c = 22.500(2) Å, β = 97.369(1)° $97.369(1){}^{\circ}$ , V = 5742.7(9) Å3 ${\mathrm{\mathring{\text{A}}}}^{3}$ , Z = 4, Rgt ${R}_{gt}$ (F) = 0.0203, w Rref ${R}_{ref}$ (F2 ${F}^{2}$ ) = 0.0488, T = 296(2) K

The proposed modification of TNM staging and therapeutic strategy for skip metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background Skip metastasis is a special type of lateral lymph node metastasis, which is not classified definitely by the eighth edition of the AJCC TNM staging system. The aim of the research was to study the prognosis of skip metastasis in PTC patients, and carry out a more appropriate N staging for skip metastasis. Methods Study subjects were 3167 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), who underwent thyroidectomy at three clinical centers from 2016 to 2019. We identified two well‐balanced cohorts matched on the basis of propensity score. Results During a median follow‐up of 42 months, recurrence occurred in 68 (4.3%) patients with lymph node metastasis. 34 cases recurred in 1120 patients with central lymph node metastasis (N1a), and 34 recurred in 461 patients with lateral lymph node metastasis (N1b), among which 73 patients were diagnosis with skip metastasis. The RFS of N1a was significantly lower than that of N1b (p < 0.001). After propensity‐score matching, recurrence rate was significantly lower in the skip metastasis group than in the LLNM group (p = 0.039), whereas the rate was similar in the skip metastasis groups and the CLNM group (p = 0.29). Conclusions In conclusion, our study indicated that, among patients with LLNM, those with positive skip metastasis showed significantly lower recurrence, exhibiting a similar rucurrence tendency as patients with CLNM. Thus, skip metastasis could be categorized into N1a stage rather than N1b stage based on the AJCC TNM staging system. The downstaging of skip metastasis may reveal more conservative treatment strategy

Food Chain Length Associated with Environmental Factors Affected by Large Dam along the Yangtze River

Food chain length (FCL) is a critical measure of food web complexity that influences the community structure and ecosystem function. The FCL of large subtropical rivers affected by dams and the decisive factors are far beyond clear. In this study, we used stable isotope technology to estimate the FCL of fish in different reaches of the main stream in the Yangtze River and explored the key factors that determined the FCL. The results showed that FCL varied widely among the studied areas with a mean of 4.09 (ranging from 3.69 to 4.31). The variation of FCL among river sections in the upstream of the dam was greater than that in the downstream. Regression analysis and model selection results revealed that the FCL had a significant positive correlation with ecosystem size as well as resource availability, and FCL variation was largely explained by ecosystem size, which represented 72% of the model weight. In summary, our results suggested that ecosystem size plays a key role in determining the FCL in large subtropical rivers and large ecosystems tend to have a longer food chain. Additionally, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has been speculated to increase the FCL in the impoundment river sections

Mitochondrial impairment and downregulation of Drp1 phosphorylation underlie the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of alantolactone on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Abstract Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent and fatal oral cancers. Mitochondria-targeting therapies represent promising strategies against various cancers, but their applications in treating OSCC are limited. Alantolactone (ALT) possesses anticancer properties and also regulates mitochondrial events. In this study, we explored the effects of ALT on OSCC and the related mechanisms. Methods The OSCC cells were treated with varying concentrations and duration of ALT and N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). The cell viability and colony formation were assessed. The apoptotic rate was evaluated by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. We used DCFH-DA and flow cytometry to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DAF-FM DA to investigate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) level. Mitochondrial function was reflected by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP levels. KEGG enrichment analyses determined the mitochondrial-related hub genes involved in OSCC progression. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) overexpression plasmids were further transfected into the cells to analyze the role of Drp1 in OSCC progression. Immunohistochemistry staining and western blot verified the expression of the protein. Results ALT exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptosis effects on OSCC cells. Mechanistically, ALT elicited cell injury by promoting ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP depletion, which were reversed by NAC. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Drp1 played a crucial role in OSCC progression. OSCC patients with low Drp1 expression had a higher survival rate. The OSCC cancer tissues presented higher phosphorylated-Drp1 and Drp1 levels than the normal tissues. The results further showed that ALT suppressed Drp1 phosphorylation in OSCC cells. Moreover, Drp1 overexpression abolished the reduced Drp1 phosphorylation by ALT and promoted the cell viability of ALT-treated cells. Drp1 overexpression also reversed the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ALT, with decreased ROS production, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level. Conclusions ALT inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of Drp1. The results provide a solid basis for ALT as a therapeutic candidate for treating OSCC, with Drp1 being a novel therapeutic target in treating OSCC