Cutting Forces in basic and real life wood machining processes review, COST Action E35 2004-2008: Wood machining - Micromechanics and fracture

International audienceThe data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permit to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes (milling, sawing, peeling etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimize cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size tool-machines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: (1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation (batch approach) and (2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control systems for the machining processes (interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With potential industrial applications in focus, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Though not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technologic knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process

On-line heating temperatures of green-wood prior to peeling.

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Comparative study of tools in drilling composites T700-M21 and T800-M21

The drilling of composite materials can produce, around the hole, defects and damages which decrease the mechanical resistance of the drilled workpiece. This study shows the influence of several tools (drill, mill and reamer) on the hole quality obtained, in the context of reference parts where surface integrity is a priority. An experimental study is suggested and the criteria used to assess the hole quality are defined. Results show the behavior of each type of cutting tool and their influence on the defects generated. Finally, this study helps creating a scale of recommended cutting conditions to reduce the tool wear and improve the hole quality

Feasibility of wood peeling process assisted by radiant energy

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Numerical modelling of a composite fuselage manufactured by liquid resin infusion

FUSCOMP (FUSelage COMPosite) is a Research & Development program which has received the label from the Aerospace Valley competitiveness cluster. It will lead to a test of a composite fuselage demonstrator manufactured by the Liquid Resin Infusion (LRI) process. LRI is based on the moulding of high performance composite parts by infusing liquid resin on dry fibers instead of prepreg fabrics. The study of this proof of concept is based on the TBM 850 airframe, a pressurized business turboprop aircraft currently produced by DAHER-SOCATA. Technical achievements will concern numerical methods and finite elements analysis to be used for the modelling of this aircraft composite fuselage structure. Actual industrial projects face composite integrated structure issues as a number of structures (stiffeners,...) are more and more integrated onto the skins of aircraft fuselage. Indeed the main benefit of LRI is to reduce assembly steps which lead to cycle time gain and thus cost reduction. In particular, infusing components and sub-components at the same time avoids riveting parts altogether. However it is necessary to validate the dimensioning of the studied composite structure

Feasibility of wood peeling process assisted by radiant energy

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Measuring green wood thermal properties to simulate veneer production by ir-heating

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IR heating of green wood while peeling: a numerical model

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Analyses vibratoires et acoustiques du déroulage

Working material process generate vibro-acoustic phenomena which are in one hand sources of noise and in the other hand useful information describing the state of the cut. In the case of the peeling process, operators are able to check some settings of their device "hearing the noise". A survey from workers' knowledge was conduced to identify typical situation they can identify. Peeling trials were conduced on both two homogeneous species (beech and poplar) and a reference' material (PTFE) while using the microlathe of the LABOMAP. This first study, carried in very controlled conditions, allows identifying lathe check signature in both time and spectral domain. Influence of the process parameters on lathe check phenomenon were clarified or confirmed. The green wood quality characterization is still a problem today on both technical and normative point of view. The principle of a simple procedure based on vibratory measurements was proposed to determine the position of the checks along the veneer. The vibro-acoustic behaviour of the microlathe as regard to cutting parameters (veneer thickness, clearance angle, cutting speed, pressure rate of the pressure bare, species, tool wear) was analysed in both temporal and spectral area. The following stage is to validate results obtained on a bolt for an industrial lathe type.Les processus de mise en forme des matériaux par enlèvement de matière s'accompagnent de nombreux phénomènes vibro-acoustiques à la fois source de nuisances mais aussi révélant des informations utiles sur la coupe et sur la qualité du processus en cours. Dans le cas du déroulage, les opérateurs sont capables d'ajuster "à l'oreille" certains réglages de la machine en cours d'usinage. Une enquête auprès de professionnels a permis de cibler des modalités expérimentales, susceptibles de créer les situations caractéristiques pour les opérateurs. Des essais de déroulage ont été conduits sur la microdérouleuse du LABOMAP à partir de deux essences homogènes (hêtre et peuplier) et d'un matériau de référence (PTFE). Cette première étude a permis, dans des conditions contrôlées, l'identification de la signature de l'ouverture des fissures de déroulage dans les domaines temporel et fréquentiel. Les influences des paramètres de coupe sur le mécanisme de fissuration ont pu être clarifiées ou confirmées. La caractérisation de la qualité du bois à l'état vert demeure un problème, tant du point de vue technique que normatif. Le principe d'un outil simple de mesure de la position effective des fissures sur le placage a été proposé à partir de données vibratoires. Le comportement vibratoire et acoustique de la microdérouleuse en fonction des paramètres de coupe (épaisseur du placage, angle de dépouille, vitesse de coupe, taux de compression de la barre, essence, usure de l'outil) a été analysé dans les domaines temporels et fréquentiels. La prochaine étape passe par la validation de résultats obtenus à l'échelle d'un billon sur une dérouleuse de type industriel