Cardiorenal Metabolic Consequences of Nighttime Snacking: Is it an Innocent Eating Behavior?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Health consequences of nighttime eating, as a publicly discussed eating behavior type, have been speculated lately. Nighttime eating has been linked to various metabolic outcomes including hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, weight gain, elevated blood pressure, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, and cardiorenal outcomes such as atherosclerosis, a decline in eGFR, and proteinuria. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the exact underlying pathophysiological mechanism is not yet clear, multiple hypotheses including disrupted circadian rhythm, altered hormonal levels, and decline in cellular regeneration have been proposed. In this review, we aim to evaluate the growing literature on nighttime eating behavior in terms of metabolic and cardiorenal outcomes, pathophysiological basis, and potential therapeutic alternatives

Fatty Kidney: A Possible Future for Chronic Kidney Disease Research.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a growing twenty-first century pandemic associated with multiple clinical comorbidities ranging from cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome to kidney dysfunction. A novel area of research investigates the concept of fatty kidney in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome. AIM: To review the most updated literature on fatty kidney and provide future research, diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives on a disease increasingly affecting the contemporary world. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We performed an extensive literature search through three databases including Embase (Elsevier) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley) and PubMed/Medline Web of Science in November 2021 by using the following terms and their combinations: \u27fatty kidney\u27, \u27ectopic fat\u27, \u27chronic kidney disease\u27, \u27cardiovascular event\u27, \u27cardio-metabolic risk\u27, \u27albuminuria\u27 and \u27metabolic syndrome\u27. Each study has been individually assessed by the authors. RESULTS: Oxidative stress and inflammation, Klotho deficiency, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of cellular energy balance appear to be the main pathophysiological mechanisms leading to tissue damage following fat accumulation. Despite the lack of large-scale comprehensive studies in this novel field of research, current clinical trials demonstrate fatty kidney as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The requirement for future studies investigating the pathophysiology, clinical outcomes and therapeutics of fatty kidney is clear

The Role of Uric Acid in the Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Narrative Review.

Increased serum uric acid (SUA) levels have been associated with various pathologic processes such as increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Thus, it is not surprising that increased SUA is associated with various adverse outcomes including cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that increased SUA may be related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Accumulating data also showed that elevated UA has pathophysiological role in the development of AMI. However, there are also studies showing that SUA is not related to the risk of AMI. In this narrative review, we summarized the recent literature data regarding SUA and AMI after providing some background information for the association between UA and coronary artery disease. Future studies will show whether decreasing SUA levels is beneficial for outcomes related to AMI and the optimum SUA levels for best outcomes in CV diseases